INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Flashcards
Study of the INTERNAL STRUCTURE of plants.
PLANT ANATOMY
FATHER OF BOTANY and the
FIRST REAL BOTANIST
THEOPHRASTUS
He studied PLANT MORPHOLOGY, classification
and the NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
THEOPHRASTUS
a work of Theophrastus that describes the ANATOMY OF PLANTS and classifies them
into satire (trees, shrubs, herbs)
DE HISTORIA PPLANTARUM
propagation and growth of
plants that PROVIDED GUIDE TO FARMERS AND GARDENERS
DE CAUSIS PLANTARUM
Published MICOGRAPHIA in 1665
ROBERT HOOKE
the FIRST IMPORTANT WORK on microscopy, the study of
minute objects through a microscope
MICOGRAPHIA
- He discovered cells in LIVING PLANT TISSUE (cork)
- Used microscope observation to discover plant tissues.
ROBERT HOOKE
ITALIAN DOCTOR, who gave his
name to features, like the Malpighian tubule system
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
In 1671, Malpighi’s
Anatomy of Plants was
published in London by the _____.
ROYAL SOCIETY
founded plant anatomy
NEHEMIAH GREW AND MARCELO MALPIGHI
Study of the PHYSICAL FORM
and EXTERNAL STRUCTURES of
plants
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
Study of PLANT FUNCTIONS
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
A FLEMISH PHYSICIAN AND CHEMIST, who was the first to
demonstrate that PLANTS DO NOT HAVE SAME NUTRITIONAL NEEDS AS ANIMALS. Plants
absorb water as a result of what we now know as photosynthetic activity
JB VAN HELMONT
In 1771, he discovered
accidentally that GASES PLAY A ROLE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
JOSEPH PRIESTLEY
The study that IDENTIFIES, DESCRIBES, NAMES, AND CLASSIFIES plants.
PLANT TAXONOMY
SWEDISH BOTANICAL TAXONOMIST who was the first
person to FORMULATE AND ADHERE TO A UNIFORM SYSTEM for defining and
naming PLANTS AND ANIMALS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
In 1735, Carolus Linnaeus published
THE SYSTEM OF NATURE
SYSTEMA NATURAE
In 1753 publication, ________,
marked the initial use of the
NOMENCLATURE for all FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS.
THE GENERA OF PLANTS AND SPECIES PLANTARUM
In 1758, he applied this system of NOMENCALTURE to ANIMALS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
The study of the INTERACTION OF PLANTS with one another
and with their environment.
PLANT ECOLOGY
The GERMAN SCIENTIST, 1866
he COINED THE WORD “ECOLOGY”
ERNST HAECKEL
The study of the TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND CUSTOMS of a people concerning plants and
their medicinal, religious and
other uses
ETHNOBOTANY
US botanist,1895 HE COINED THE TERM “ETHNOBOTANY”
JOHN WILLIAM HARSHBERGER
A GREEK PHYSICIAN, pharmacologist and botanist, physician of the ROMAN ARMY
and AUTHOR OF A 5-VOLUME ENCYCLOPEDIA about herbal
medicine (a pharmacopeia),
that was widely read for more
than 1000years.
PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES
Published by Pedanius Dioscorides which was a
CATALOG ABOUT THE MEDICINAL USE OF 600 PLANTS in the Mediterranean.
DE MATERIA MEDICA
His name means “THE DIVINE FARMER” and he’s the
FATHER OF CHINESE AGRICUTURE, he taught his
people how to cultivate grain
as food and to avoid killing
animals.
SHEN NONG
The most well-known work attributed to Shen Nong is
THE DIVINE FARMER’S HERB-ROOT CLASSIC
The YELLOW EMPEROR - regarded as the FOUNDER OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION
HUANG DI
His Classic of Internal Medicine is important in understanding
the basic ideas of traditional
Chinese herbal science, acupuncture and moxibustion Yin and Yang, the Five Phases of Evolutive Change, Meridian
Theory
HUANG DI
GERMAN TOXICOLOGIST first
to study PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS systematically
LOUIS LEWIN
Louis Lewin book
PHANTASTICA
The study of the GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIES and their influence on
the earth’s surface.
PLANT GEOGRAPHY
Often referred to as the FATHER OF PHYTOGEOGRAPHY. He
advocated a quantitative
approach to phytogeography
that has characterized modern plant geography.
ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
The study of HEREDITY
GENETICS
FOUNDER OF GENETICS.
Showed that the inheritance
of these traits follows laws
later named after him
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
The STUDY OF GENES and
their functions, and related
techniques
GENOMICS
Is the science of DEVELOPING METHODS FOR GROUPING ORGANISM
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
● A British naturalist proposed the TEHORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION by natural selection.
● He defined evolution as “descent with modification”
● Suggested a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTION
CHARLES DARWIN
It is the ADJUSTEMENT OR CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR, physiology, and structure of an organism to become MORE SUITED TO AN ENVIRONMENT
ADAPTATION
● VERY DRY AND OFTEN HOT
● Rain often comes all at the same time. The rest of the year is very dry.
● Lots of direct sunlight shining on the plants.
● Soil is often sandy or rocky and unable to hold much water.
● Winds are often strong, and dry out plants.
● Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and drought conditions.
● Plants must cope with extensive water loss.
DESERT
● Some plants, called succulents
● Some plants have NO LEAVES or SMALL SEASONAL LEAVES that only grow after it rains.
● Long root systems spread out wide or GO DEEP INTO THE GROUND TO ABSORB WATER.
● Some plants have a SHOR LIFE CYCLE, germinating in response to rain, growing, flowering, and dying within one year.
● LEAVES WITH HAIR OR SPINE
● Waxy coating on stems and leaves.
● Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who are more likely to be active during the cooler night.
● Slower growing requires less energy.
DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS
● Called PRAIRIE, it features HOT SUMMERS ADN COLD WINTERS
● RAINFALL IS UNCERTAIN and DROUGHT IS COMMON.
● The SOIL IS EXTREMELY RICH IN ORGANIC MATERIALS due to the fact that the above-ground portions of grasses die off annually, enriching the soil.
● The area is WELL-SUITED TO AGRICULTURE, and few
original prairies survive today.
TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
● During a fire
○ The root portions survive to sprout again
○ Some prairie trees have THICK BARK
○ Prairie shrubs READILY RESPROUT AFTER A FIRE
● ROOTS of prairie grasses EXTEND DEEP INTO THE GROUND
● Extensive root systems - prevent animals from pulling them
● Prairie grasses have NARROW LEAVES - loss water more
● Grasses grow from near their base, not from tip
● Grasses are WIND POLLINATED
● SOFT STEMS - bend
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND ADAPTATIONS
OTHER TERM FOR TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
PRAIRIE
● Is HOT AND RAINS A LOT
● Abundance of water problems:
○ Harm to plants due to growth of bacteria and
fungi.
○ Risk of flooding. Soil erosion and rapid loss of nutrients from the soil. Rapid growth of plants.
● VERY THICK AND NOT MUCH SUNLIGHT is able to penetrate to the forest floor.
TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS
● DRIP TIPS AND WAXY SURFACES - water run off
● BUTTRESSES, PROP, AND STILT ROOTS - help hold up plants
● Some plants climb on other plants
● Flowers on the forest floor are designed to lure animal pollinators due to no wind
● SMOOTH BARK and smooth or waxy flowers speed the
run off of water
● Plants have SHALLOW ROOTS - capture nutrients
● Many bromeliads are epiphytes (plants that live on
other plants);
● Epiphytic or orchids have aerial roots
TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS
PLANTS THAT LIVE ON OTHER PLANTS
EPIPHYTES
● The ___________ features MINIMAL SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF TEMPERATURE: the winters are mild and the summers cool.
● Condensation from coastal fogs also adds to the dampness. The SOIL IS POOR IN NUTRIENTS.
● A nurse log is a fallen tree which, as it decays,
provides ecological facilitation to seedlings.
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST
a fallen tree which, as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings.
NURSE LOG
● Epiphytes such as mosses and ferns grow atop other plants to reach light.
● Cool temperatures lead to slow decomposition but seedlings grow on “nurse logs” to take advantage of
the nutrients from the decomposing fallen logs.
● Trees can grow VERY TALL due to the amount of precipitation.
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS
- TERRESTRIAL biotic communities
- area na naca-classify depende sa species na nakatira doon
BIOMES
● Temperature varies from HOT IN THE SUMMER TO BELOW FREESING POINT IN THE WINTER.
● RAIN IS PLENTIFUL
● Made up of layers of plants
○ The tallest trees make up the forest canopy.
○ Beneath the canopy, the understory
○ Below the understory is a shrub layer.
○ Carpeting the forest floor is the herb layer made up of wildflowers, mosses, and ferns.
● Fallen leaves, twigs, and dried plants cover the ground, decompose, and help add nutrients to the topsoil.
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
● Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before trees leaf-out and shade the forest floor
● Many trees are deciduous
● Most deciduous trees have thin, broad, lightweight leaves
● When the weather gets cooler, the broad leaves cause too much water loss and can be weighed down by too much snow
● Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST ADAPTATIONS
● Also known as BOREAL forests
● The taiga is dominated by CONIFERS and most of which are evergreen
● The taiga has cold winters and warm summers.
TAIGA PLANT
● Many trees are EVERGREEN
● Many trees have NEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES which shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than broad leaves
● Waxy coating on needles to prevent evaporation
● Needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed
● Many trees have branches that DROOP DOWNWARD to help shed excess snow to keep the branches from breaking
TAIGA OR BOREAL FORESTS ADAPTATIONS
● COLD YEAR-ROUND– it has SHORT COOL SUMMERS and
long, severe winters.
● Has a PERMANENTLY FROZEN sublayer of soil called PERMAFROST.
● Drainage is poor due to the permafrost and because of the cold, evaporation is slow.
● The _____ receives little precipitation and is usually in the form of snow or ice
● There is a LITTLE DIVERSITY of species. Plant life is dominated by mosses, grasses, and sedge
TUNDRA
● _____ plants are SMALL (usually less than 12 inches
tall) and LOW-GROWING due to lack of nutrients
● Plants are DARK IN COLOR
● Some plants are covered with hair which helps keep them warm.
● Some plants grow in clumps
● Some plants have DISH-LIKE FLOWERS that follow the sun
TUNDRA ADAPTATIONS
a permanently frozen sublayer of soil
PERMAFROST
● Underwater leaves and stems are FLEXIBLE
● Some plants have AIR SPACES in their stems
● Submerged plants absorb water, nutrients, and dissolved gases through the leaves directly from the water.
● Roots and root hairs reduced or ABSENT
● Some plants have leaves that FLOAT atop the water
● In floating plants chlorophyll is restricted to upper surface of leaves (part that the sunlight will hit)
● Some plants produce seeds that can float
PLANT ADAPTATIONS IN WATER
