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BOTANY LEC > M5: ROOTS AND PROCESSES > Flashcards

M5: ROOTS AND PROCESSES Flashcards

1
Q

stem, roots, leaves

A

VEGETATIVE ROOTS

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2
Q

non reproductive roots

A

VEGETATIVE ROOTS

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3
Q

flowers, fruit seeds

A

REPRODUCTIVE

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4
Q

Anchorage of the plant in soil

A

ROOTS

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5
Q

Absorbs of waters and minerals

A

ROOTS

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6
Q

the _____ transports the WATER UPWARD to the shoot

A

XYLEM

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7
Q

CONDUCTION of water and minerals upward to the stem

A

ROOTS

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8
Q

REPRODUCTION in the form of PLANT PROPAGATION

A

ROOTS

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9
Q

how does reproduction takes place in roots

A

BY PLANT PROPAGATION

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10
Q

STORAGE of food

A

ROOTS

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11
Q

embryo’s FIRST ROOT

A

RADICLE

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12
Q

the radicle emerge from the seed through ______

A

MICROPYLE

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13
Q

located above the radicle

A

HYPOCOTYL

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14
Q

embryonic stem

A

HYPOCOTYL

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15
Q

the first leaf

A

COTYLEDON

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16
Q

supports the cotyledon

A

HYPOCOTYL

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17
Q

where the SHOOT emerge

A

PLUMULE

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18
Q

embyronic shoot

A

PLUMULE

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19
Q

SMALL PORES in the hilum

A

MICROPYLE

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20
Q

seed scar

A

HILUM

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21
Q

embryonic shoot ABOVE the COTYLEDON

A

EPICOTYL

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22
Q

thick MAIN ROOT in the MIDDLE

A

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

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23
Q

thin, WEB-LIKE

A

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

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24
Q

Found in DICOT plants

A

TAP ROOT

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25
Q
  • Anchors plant DEEPLY
  • Preventing the wind blowing them over
  • Food storage
  • DROUGHT TOLERANCE
A

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

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26
Q

single, large taproot EXTENDING FROM STEM

A

SWOLLEN

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27
Q

LARGER THAN THE AVERAGE ROOT going deeper into the soil

A

PRIMARY

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28
Q

number of large EQUAL-SIZED taproots

A

EVEN

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29
Q

mostly found in MONOCOT plants

A

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

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30
Q

The secondary roots continue to grow & eventually all the roots are of EQUAL OR NEARLY EQUAL SIZE

A

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

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31
Q
  • Absorbs water and nutrients QUICKLY
  • Helps prevent SOIL EROSION as they anchor plants to the top layers of soil
A

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

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32
Q

Main root is used for human and animal consumption

A

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

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33
Q

Root growth begins with _________

A

SEED GERMINATION

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34
Q

PRIMARY root growth is controlled by ___________

A

APICAL MERISTEM

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35
Q

SECONDARY growth is controlled by _________

A

LATERAL MERISTEM

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36
Q

1st root, embryo

A

PRIMARY ROOT

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37
Q

from primary

A

SECONDARY ROOT

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38
Q

various direction
- Anchorage of plants

A

TERTIARY ROOT

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39
Q

External Structure of a Root

A

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY

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40
Q

THIMBLE-SHAPE
- protects the growing ROOT TIPS

A

ROOT CAP

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41
Q

meristematic region

A

REGION OF CELL DIVISION

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42
Q

root, lengthening

A

REGION/AREA OF ELONGATION

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43
Q

fully develop and become ADULT CELL

A

REGION/AREA OF MATURATION

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44
Q

TISSUE of root cap

A

CALYPTROGEN

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45
Q

○ parenchymal cells
○ GIVE RISE to root cap

A

CALYPTROGEN

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46
Q

slimy, produce to grow smoothly

A

MUCILAGE

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47
Q

growth towards sunlight

A

GRAVITROPISM

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48
Q

statoliths, gravity sensors

A

AMYLOPLAST

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49
Q

cells divide once or twice per day

A

APICAL MERISTEM

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50
Q

3 meristematic areas

A

PROTDERM
GROUND MERISTEM
PROCAMBIUM

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51
Q

forms EPIDERMIS

A

PROTODERM

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52
Q

forms GROUND TISSUES

A

GROUND MERISTEM

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53
Q

forms VASCULAR TISSUES

A

PROCAMBIUM

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54
Q

Root hairs formation – extension of some epidermal cell

A

REGION OF MATURATION OR DIFFERENTIATION

55
Q

INSIDE of the root

A

XYLEM/PHLOEM

56
Q

OUTSIDE of the root

A

EPIDERMIS

57
Q

other name for vascular cylinder

A

STELE

58
Q
  • composed of pericycle, phloem, xylem
  • LIES INSIDE THE ENDODERMIS
A

VASCULAR CYLINDER

59
Q

– parenchyma tissue
- divide to PRODUCE LATERAL ROOTS

A

PERICYCLE

60
Q

TUBULAR OUTGROWTH of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root

A

ROOT HAIR

61
Q

EXISTS on the ROOT but NOT on ROOT HAIRS

A

CUTICLE

62
Q

INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA for the absorption of water and minerals nutrients

A

ROOT HAIRS

63
Q

outer layer

A

EPIDERMIS

64
Q

– lying BETWEEN EPIDERMIS and INNER TISSUES
- parenchyma
- storage

A

CORTEX

65
Q

INNER BOUNDARY of cortex

A

ENDODERMIS

66
Q

lignin + suberin = cell wall

A

ENDODERMIS

67
Q

– WAX (suberin) AROUND ENDODERMIS
- regulates water and mineral uptake and transport by the roots

A

CASPARIAN STRIP

68
Q

● bands of endodermis

A

CASPARIAN STRIP

69
Q

Many roots have SECONDARY GROWTH when _________ are produced

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

70
Q

In WOODY DICOTS AND CONIFERS, parts of the pericycle and the parenchyma cells around the primary xylem and phloem become _________

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

71
Q

The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the OUTSIDE of the root

A

PHLOEM

72
Q

The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the INSIDE of the root

A

XYLEM

73
Q

The patches of new secondary vascular tissue MERGE TOGETHER with the primary vascular tissue, forming a __________ of vascular tissue

A

CIRCULAR RING

74
Q

gives RISE to a cork cambium in the
roots

A

PERICYCLE

75
Q

produces cork which becomes part of the bark of the root.

A

CORK CAMBIUM

76
Q

the xylem and phloem in DICOT ROOTS are

A

LIMITED IN NUMBERS

77
Q

the xylem and phloem in MONOCOT ROOTS are

A

NUMEROUS IN NUMBERS

78
Q

___ is ABSENT in DICOT ROOT

A

PITH

79
Q

the ____ in MONOCOT ROOT is LARGE AND WELL DEVELOPED

A

PITH

80
Q

the ____ present in MONOCT ROOT only produces LATERAL ROOTS

A

PERICYCLE

81
Q

the ____ in DICOT ROOT gives rise to
lateral roots, cork cambium and the
part of the vascular cambium

A

PERICYCLE

82
Q

this occurs in DICOT ROOT while it is ABSENT IN MONOCOT ROOT

A

SECONDARY GROWTH

83
Q

are enlarged and store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates, which may later be used for extensive growth

A

FOOD-STORAGE ROOTS

84
Q

a specialized root which is underground stem (STEM TUBER)

A

POTATO

85
Q

Plants that grow in ARID (too dry) region are known for growing structures used to RETAIN WATER & used these water supply when the supply in the soil is inadequate

A

WATER-STORAGE ROOTS

86
Q

propagative roots produces _________ along the roots that GROW NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND

A

ADVENTITIOUS BUDS

87
Q

Produces adventitious buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground

A

PROPAGATIVE ROOTS

88
Q

The buds develop into ____ (suckers)

A

AERIAL STEMS

89
Q

The rooted suckers can be separated from the original root and grow individually

A

PROPAGATIVE ROOTS

90
Q

help plants that grow in VERY WET AREAS like swamps to GET ENOUGH OXYGEN

A

BREATHING ROOTS / PNUEMATOPHORES

91
Q

These roots act like SNORKEL TUBES for plants, rising up above the surface of the water so that the plant can get oxygen

A

PNEUMATOPHORES

92
Q

CONTINUALLY PULL THE PLANTS DEEPER into the soil as the stem elongates

A

CONTRACTILE ROOTS

93
Q
  • LARGE ROOTS ON ALL SIDES of a tall or shallowly rooted tree
  • Provide support and stability to a tree
A

BUTRESS ROOTS

94
Q
  • They parasitize their host plants via peg-like projections called haustoria
  • DEVELOP ALONG THE STEM in contact with the host
A

PARASITIC ROOTS

95
Q

PEG-LIKE projections by parasitic roots

A

HAUSTORIA

96
Q

Can facilitate CLIMBING and support to the plant

A

AERIAL ROOTS

97
Q

ORCHIDS produce ___

A

VELAMEN ROOTS

98
Q

CORN plants have

A

PROP ROOTS

99
Q

vanilla orchids have

A

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS

100
Q

IVIES have

A

ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

101
Q

form a MUTUALISTIC association with plant roots

A

MYCORRHIZAE

102
Q

_____ between a PLANT NAD BACTERIUM which allows for the FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN

A

MUTUALISM

103
Q

Root (food) + fungi (protection) = _____ (better absorption of phosphorus from the soil)

A

MYCORRHIZA

104
Q

2 types of Mycorrhizas

A

ECTOMYCORRHIZA
ENDOMYCORRHIZA

105
Q

– FUNGI GROW in the OUTERMOST LAYERS OF THE CORTEX CELLS of the roots (trees)

A

ECTOMYCORRHIZA

106
Q

– FUNGI PENETRATE THE CORTEX CELSS, all the way to the endodermis (woody and herbaceous plants)

A

ENDOMYCORRHIZA

107
Q

Root + Bacteria = ______ (nitrogen fixation, convert N2 to NH3 (ammonia) USE BY PLANT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

A

RHIZOBIA

108
Q

The absorption of water and dissolved minerals occurs through _______

A

EPIDERMIS

109
Q

The absorption of water is chiefly via ____ (diffusion)

A

OSMOSIS

110
Q

osmosis occurs because water is present in ______ concentrations in the soil than within the epidermal cells

A

HIGHER

111
Q

osmosis occurs because epidermal cells is _______ to water

A

PERMEABLE

112
Q

● Movement of molecules or ions from a region of HIGH concentration to a region of LOWER concentration
● PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A

DIFFUSION

113
Q

SEPARATES TWO KINDS OF MOLECULE

A

BARRIER

114
Q

________ OF
INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES THAT WILL CAUSE THE HIGHER TO LOWER MOVEMENT

A

RANDOM MOVEMENT

115
Q

equal distribution of molecules

A

EQUILIBRIUM

116
Q

diffusion WITHOUT A HELPER PROTEIN

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

117
Q

diffusion USING HELPER PROTEIN

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

118
Q
  • Tubers yield AMINO ACIDS
  • Tubers are digestive laxative, diuretic (treatment for blood pressure), LACTAGOGUE (lactation), and STYPTIC (stop bleeding)
A

GABI
COLOCASIA ESCULENTA

119
Q

treatment for blood pressure

A

DIURETIC

120
Q

(lactation

A

LACTAGOGUE

121
Q

stop bleeding

A

STYPTIC

122
Q
  • Roots yield FALVONOIDS, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, fatty acids
  • Roots are BITTER, ASTRINGENT, ACRID, alexipharmic (antidotal prophylactic), antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, constipating, cooling, diuretic, EMETIC (not to vomit), febrifuge (reduce fever), resolvent, vulnerary (remedy/wounds)
A

MAKAHIYA
MIMOSA PUDICA

123
Q

(not to vomit)

A

EMETIC

124
Q

(remedy/wounds

A

VULNERARY

125
Q
  • Roots YIELD STARCHES (30%), pectins, simple sugars, gums, mucilage (rhizome – horinzontal
    underground stem/potato), polysaccharides, amino acids, triterpene saponin, flavonoids
  • Sweet root is said to contain GLYCYRRHIZIN, a saponin glycoside that is ROUGHLY 50 TIMES SWEETER THAN CANE SUGAR
  • Demulcent, emollient (soften skin), expectorant, anti- inflammatory, antispasmodic, alterative, diuretic, and laxative (evacuate bowel)
A

ANIS
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA

126
Q

a saponin glycoside that is roughly 50 times sweeter than cane sugar

A

GLYCYRRHIZIN

127
Q
  • Rhizomes contain phytosterols, alkaloids, glucose, and fructose
  • Rootstock considered laxative, diuretic
A

BIGA
ALOCASSIA MACRORRHIZOS

128
Q
  • Tubers were found to contain high amounts of MOISTURE, fat, carbohydrate, calcium; PROTEIN WAS MAXIMUM in the rhizome part
A

BAYABANG
NEPHROLEPIS CORDIFOLIA

129
Q
  • Roots of the juice used for CONJUCTIVITIS
  • Tuberous roots and fruits are ANODYNE (lessen the pain), antiphlogistic (against inflammatory/fever), and antispasmodic (muscle pain)
A

BEGONIA
BEGONIA COCCINEA

130
Q

underground stem

A

RHIZOMES

131
Q
  • Root tubers have yielded SAPOGENINS and SAPONINS
  • Studies have suggest ANTITUMOR
  • Antiproliferative, indoor air-purifying, phytoremediative, burn wound healing process
A

SPIDER PLANT
CHLOROPHYTUM COMOSUM

132
Q
  • Considered ANTIFEBRILE, anthelmintic, antibacterial, diuretic, febrifuge, restorative, styptic, TONIC (medicinal substance)
A

KOGON
IMPERATA CYLINDRICAL

133
Q
  • Various roots extracts yielded TERPENOID, steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates roots are considered sweet, astringent, emollient, refrigerant, diuretic, LITHOTRIPTIC (gallbladder/kidney stone), purgative, tonic, aphrodisiac
A

TALAHIB
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM

BOTANY LEC (20 decks)

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