M5: ROOTS AND PROCESSES Flashcards
stem, roots, leaves
VEGETATIVE ROOTS
non reproductive roots
VEGETATIVE ROOTS
flowers, fruit seeds
REPRODUCTIVE
Anchorage of the plant in soil
ROOTS
Absorbs of waters and minerals
ROOTS
the _____ transports the WATER UPWARD to the shoot
XYLEM
CONDUCTION of water and minerals upward to the stem
ROOTS
REPRODUCTION in the form of PLANT PROPAGATION
ROOTS
how does reproduction takes place in roots
BY PLANT PROPAGATION
STORAGE of food
ROOTS
embryo’s FIRST ROOT
RADICLE
the radicle emerge from the seed through ______
MICROPYLE
located above the radicle
HYPOCOTYL
embryonic stem
HYPOCOTYL
the first leaf
COTYLEDON
supports the cotyledon
HYPOCOTYL
where the SHOOT emerge
PLUMULE
embyronic shoot
PLUMULE
SMALL PORES in the hilum
MICROPYLE
seed scar
HILUM
embryonic shoot ABOVE the COTYLEDON
EPICOTYL
thick MAIN ROOT in the MIDDLE
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
thin, WEB-LIKE
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
Found in DICOT plants
TAP ROOT
- Anchors plant DEEPLY
- Preventing the wind blowing them over
- Food storage
- DROUGHT TOLERANCE
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
single, large taproot EXTENDING FROM STEM
SWOLLEN
LARGER THAN THE AVERAGE ROOT going deeper into the soil
PRIMARY
number of large EQUAL-SIZED taproots
EVEN
mostly found in MONOCOT plants
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
The secondary roots continue to grow & eventually all the roots are of EQUAL OR NEARLY EQUAL SIZE
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
- Absorbs water and nutrients QUICKLY
- Helps prevent SOIL EROSION as they anchor plants to the top layers of soil
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
Main root is used for human and animal consumption
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
Root growth begins with _________
SEED GERMINATION
PRIMARY root growth is controlled by ___________
APICAL MERISTEM
SECONDARY growth is controlled by _________
LATERAL MERISTEM
1st root, embryo
PRIMARY ROOT
from primary
SECONDARY ROOT
various direction
- Anchorage of plants
TERTIARY ROOT
External Structure of a Root
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
THIMBLE-SHAPE
- protects the growing ROOT TIPS
ROOT CAP
meristematic region
REGION OF CELL DIVISION
root, lengthening
REGION/AREA OF ELONGATION
fully develop and become ADULT CELL
REGION/AREA OF MATURATION
TISSUE of root cap
CALYPTROGEN
○ parenchymal cells
○ GIVE RISE to root cap
CALYPTROGEN
slimy, produce to grow smoothly
MUCILAGE
growth towards sunlight
GRAVITROPISM
statoliths, gravity sensors
AMYLOPLAST
cells divide once or twice per day
APICAL MERISTEM
3 meristematic areas
PROTDERM
GROUND MERISTEM
PROCAMBIUM
forms EPIDERMIS
PROTODERM
forms GROUND TISSUES
GROUND MERISTEM
forms VASCULAR TISSUES
PROCAMBIUM
Root hairs formation – extension of some epidermal cell
REGION OF MATURATION OR DIFFERENTIATION
INSIDE of the root
XYLEM/PHLOEM
OUTSIDE of the root
EPIDERMIS
other name for vascular cylinder
STELE
- composed of pericycle, phloem, xylem
- LIES INSIDE THE ENDODERMIS
VASCULAR CYLINDER
– parenchyma tissue
- divide to PRODUCE LATERAL ROOTS
PERICYCLE
TUBULAR OUTGROWTH of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root
ROOT HAIR
EXISTS on the ROOT but NOT on ROOT HAIRS
CUTICLE
INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA for the absorption of water and minerals nutrients
ROOT HAIRS
outer layer
EPIDERMIS
– lying BETWEEN EPIDERMIS and INNER TISSUES
- parenchyma
- storage
CORTEX
INNER BOUNDARY of cortex
ENDODERMIS
lignin + suberin = cell wall
ENDODERMIS
– WAX (suberin) AROUND ENDODERMIS
- regulates water and mineral uptake and transport by the roots
CASPARIAN STRIP
● bands of endodermis
CASPARIAN STRIP
Many roots have SECONDARY GROWTH when _________ are produced
LATERAL MERISTEMS
In WOODY DICOTS AND CONIFERS, parts of the pericycle and the parenchyma cells around the primary xylem and phloem become _________
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the OUTSIDE of the root
PHLOEM
The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the INSIDE of the root
XYLEM
The patches of new secondary vascular tissue MERGE TOGETHER with the primary vascular tissue, forming a __________ of vascular tissue
CIRCULAR RING
gives RISE to a cork cambium in the
roots
PERICYCLE
produces cork which becomes part of the bark of the root.
CORK CAMBIUM
the xylem and phloem in DICOT ROOTS are
LIMITED IN NUMBERS
the xylem and phloem in MONOCOT ROOTS are
NUMEROUS IN NUMBERS
___ is ABSENT in DICOT ROOT
PITH
the ____ in MONOCOT ROOT is LARGE AND WELL DEVELOPED
PITH
the ____ present in MONOCT ROOT only produces LATERAL ROOTS
PERICYCLE
the ____ in DICOT ROOT gives rise to
lateral roots, cork cambium and the
part of the vascular cambium
PERICYCLE
this occurs in DICOT ROOT while it is ABSENT IN MONOCOT ROOT
SECONDARY GROWTH
are enlarged and store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates, which may later be used for extensive growth
FOOD-STORAGE ROOTS
a specialized root which is underground stem (STEM TUBER)
POTATO
Plants that grow in ARID (too dry) region are known for growing structures used to RETAIN WATER & used these water supply when the supply in the soil is inadequate
WATER-STORAGE ROOTS
propagative roots produces _________ along the roots that GROW NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND
ADVENTITIOUS BUDS
Produces adventitious buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground
PROPAGATIVE ROOTS
The buds develop into ____ (suckers)
AERIAL STEMS
The rooted suckers can be separated from the original root and grow individually
PROPAGATIVE ROOTS
help plants that grow in VERY WET AREAS like swamps to GET ENOUGH OXYGEN
BREATHING ROOTS / PNUEMATOPHORES
These roots act like SNORKEL TUBES for plants, rising up above the surface of the water so that the plant can get oxygen
PNEUMATOPHORES
CONTINUALLY PULL THE PLANTS DEEPER into the soil as the stem elongates
CONTRACTILE ROOTS
- LARGE ROOTS ON ALL SIDES of a tall or shallowly rooted tree
- Provide support and stability to a tree
BUTRESS ROOTS
- They parasitize their host plants via peg-like projections called haustoria
- DEVELOP ALONG THE STEM in contact with the host
PARASITIC ROOTS
PEG-LIKE projections by parasitic roots
HAUSTORIA
Can facilitate CLIMBING and support to the plant
AERIAL ROOTS
ORCHIDS produce ___
VELAMEN ROOTS
CORN plants have
PROP ROOTS
vanilla orchids have
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS
IVIES have
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS
form a MUTUALISTIC association with plant roots
MYCORRHIZAE
_____ between a PLANT NAD BACTERIUM which allows for the FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
MUTUALISM
Root (food) + fungi (protection) = _____ (better absorption of phosphorus from the soil)
MYCORRHIZA
2 types of Mycorrhizas
ECTOMYCORRHIZA
ENDOMYCORRHIZA
– FUNGI GROW in the OUTERMOST LAYERS OF THE CORTEX CELLS of the roots (trees)
ECTOMYCORRHIZA
– FUNGI PENETRATE THE CORTEX CELSS, all the way to the endodermis (woody and herbaceous plants)
ENDOMYCORRHIZA
Root + Bacteria = ______ (nitrogen fixation, convert N2 to NH3 (ammonia) USE BY PLANT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
RHIZOBIA
The absorption of water and dissolved minerals occurs through _______
EPIDERMIS
The absorption of water is chiefly via ____ (diffusion)
OSMOSIS
osmosis occurs because water is present in ______ concentrations in the soil than within the epidermal cells
HIGHER
osmosis occurs because epidermal cells is _______ to water
PERMEABLE
● Movement of molecules or ions from a region of HIGH concentration to a region of LOWER concentration
● PASSIVE TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION
SEPARATES TWO KINDS OF MOLECULE
BARRIER
________ OF
INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES THAT WILL CAUSE THE HIGHER TO LOWER MOVEMENT
RANDOM MOVEMENT
equal distribution of molecules
EQUILIBRIUM
diffusion WITHOUT A HELPER PROTEIN
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
diffusion USING HELPER PROTEIN
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- Tubers yield AMINO ACIDS
- Tubers are digestive laxative, diuretic (treatment for blood pressure), LACTAGOGUE (lactation), and STYPTIC (stop bleeding)
GABI
COLOCASIA ESCULENTA
treatment for blood pressure
DIURETIC
(lactation
LACTAGOGUE
stop bleeding
STYPTIC
- Roots yield FALVONOIDS, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, fatty acids
- Roots are BITTER, ASTRINGENT, ACRID, alexipharmic (antidotal prophylactic), antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, constipating, cooling, diuretic, EMETIC (not to vomit), febrifuge (reduce fever), resolvent, vulnerary (remedy/wounds)
MAKAHIYA
MIMOSA PUDICA
(not to vomit)
EMETIC
(remedy/wounds
VULNERARY
- Roots YIELD STARCHES (30%), pectins, simple sugars, gums, mucilage (rhizome – horinzontal
underground stem/potato), polysaccharides, amino acids, triterpene saponin, flavonoids - Sweet root is said to contain GLYCYRRHIZIN, a saponin glycoside that is ROUGHLY 50 TIMES SWEETER THAN CANE SUGAR
- Demulcent, emollient (soften skin), expectorant, anti- inflammatory, antispasmodic, alterative, diuretic, and laxative (evacuate bowel)
ANIS
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA
a saponin glycoside that is roughly 50 times sweeter than cane sugar
GLYCYRRHIZIN
- Rhizomes contain phytosterols, alkaloids, glucose, and fructose
- Rootstock considered laxative, diuretic
BIGA
ALOCASSIA MACRORRHIZOS
- Tubers were found to contain high amounts of MOISTURE, fat, carbohydrate, calcium; PROTEIN WAS MAXIMUM in the rhizome part
BAYABANG
NEPHROLEPIS CORDIFOLIA
- Roots of the juice used for CONJUCTIVITIS
- Tuberous roots and fruits are ANODYNE (lessen the pain), antiphlogistic (against inflammatory/fever), and antispasmodic (muscle pain)
BEGONIA
BEGONIA COCCINEA
underground stem
RHIZOMES
- Root tubers have yielded SAPOGENINS and SAPONINS
- Studies have suggest ANTITUMOR
- Antiproliferative, indoor air-purifying, phytoremediative, burn wound healing process
SPIDER PLANT
CHLOROPHYTUM COMOSUM
- Considered ANTIFEBRILE, anthelmintic, antibacterial, diuretic, febrifuge, restorative, styptic, TONIC (medicinal substance)
KOGON
IMPERATA CYLINDRICAL
- Various roots extracts yielded TERPENOID, steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates roots are considered sweet, astringent, emollient, refrigerant, diuretic, LITHOTRIPTIC (gallbladder/kidney stone), purgative, tonic, aphrodisiac
TALAHIB
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM
