M7: LEAVES Flashcards
FALTTENED OR EXPANDED LATERAL PROJECTION on a stem at a node and subtending a bud
LEAF
formed by the LEAVES AND STEM
SHOOT
leaf contains ______ containing chlorophyll, responsible for
helping in photosynthesis
CHLOROPLASTS
chloroplasts contains ____, responsible for helping in photosynthesis
CHLOROPHYLL
SMALL PORES where GAS EXCHANGE happen in the leaves
STOMATA
ENERGY absorbed FROM SUNLIGHT to synthesize food in the form of sugar (glucose)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
by product of photosynthesis
OXYGEN
LOSS OF WATER by evaporation from the leaves in the form of VAPOR
TRANSPIRATION
most transpiration occurs through ______
STOMATA
secretion of DROPLETS OF WATER from the pores of plants
GUTTATION
pores of plants
HYDATHODES
where are hydathodes loctaed
AT THE TIP OF LEAF VEINS
when does guttation usually occurs
AT NIGHT when transpiration is not occuring
CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR in the atmosphere
DEW
all leaves originate as _____ –the IMMATURE LEAF IN THE BUDS
PRIMORDIA
- BROAD PORTION OF THE LEAF
- consist of apex, margin, vein, midrib, and base
BLADE AKA LAMINA
THIN STALK that attached leaf to the stem
PETIOLE
LEAF-LIKE STRUCTURES at the leaf base
STIPULES
leaves WITHOUT A PETIOLE, the leaf base is DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE STEM
SESSILE LEAF
travels the length of the leaf and branches to PRODUCE VEINS
MIDRIB
boundary area extending along the EDGE OF THE LEAF
LEAF MARGIN
Within each leaf, formed by vascular tissues
VEINS
veins are formed by
VASCULAR TISSUES
ARRANGEMENT OF VEIN IN A LEAF; varies in monocots and dicots
VENATION PATTERN
MONOCOT venation pattern
PARALLEL
DICOT venation pattern
NET-LIKE
Three Primary Regions of the leaf
EPIDERMIS
MESOPHYLL
VEINS
- OUTER PROTECTIVE LAYER of the leaf
- usually one cell layer thick
EPIDERMIS
- protection
- prevent water loss—cuticle
- aid in gas exchange regulation—guard cell, contraction to close and open the stomata; trichomes, epidermal hair structures
EPIDERMIS
waxy layer water-proofing upper leaves
CUTICLE
- UPPER LAYER of cells, NO CHLOROPLAST
- protection
UPPER EPIDERMIS
- upper mesophyll
- compactly stacked, BARREL-SHAPED, or post-shaped parenchyma cells
- commonly in TWO-ROWS
- contain more than 80% of the leaf’s chloroplast
PALASIDE MESOPHYLL
- lower layer of chloroplast containing cells
- AIR SPACES AROUND THEM
- numerous chloroplasts
SPONGY MESOPHYLL
LOWER EXTERNAL layer of a leaf
LOWER EPIDERMIS
a JACKET of THICKER-WALLED PARENCHYMA cells
BUNDLE SHEATH
- consists of XYLEM AND PHLOEM surrounded by a jacket of thicker-walled parenchyma cells called the - bundle sheath
- xylem and phloem for transport
VASCULAR BUNDLE
NON-LIVING vascular system CARRYING WATER AND MINERALS throughout plant
XYLEM
LIVING vascular system CARRYING DISSOLVED SUGARS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS throughout plant
PHLOEM
2 cells surrounding stomata that CONTROL RATE OF GAS AND WATER EXCHANGE
GUARD CELLS
OPENING BETWEEN GUARD CELLS for gas and water exchange
STOMATA
- receive LESS TOTAL LIGHT needed for photosynthesis
- thinner and have FEWER WELL-DEFINED MESOPHYLL LAYERS and FEWER CHLOROPLASTS
- DO NOT HAVE MANY HAIRS
SHADE LEAVES
- THICK, LEATHERY LEAVES, FEWER STOMATA
- stomata are sunken below the surface in special depressions
- have succulent, WATER-RETAINING LEAVES, or no leaves at all or may have DENSE HAIRY COVERINGS
LEAVES OF ARID REGION
LESS XYLEM THAN PHLOEM and the mesophyll, which is not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers, has LARGE AIR SPACES—to keep them afloat to access sunlight; aerenchyma
LEAVES OF AQUATIC AREAS
- less water loss
- PROTECT PLANTS FROM BROWSING ANIMALS
SPINES, THORNS, PRICKLES
- SUCCULENT LEAVES—modified for WATER RETENTION
- parenchyma cells with LARGE VACUOLES
STORAGE LEAVES
epiphyte that GROWS NON-PARASITICALLY ON OTHER PLANTS develop URN-LIKE POUCHES that become HOME TO ANT COLONIES; creates a
good growing medium for adventitious roots, which grow on the soil, aiding in plant growth and absorption
DISCHIDIA / FLOWER POT LEAVES
- leaves BURIED IN GROUND/SAND; grows in DRY SANDY AREAS
- there is a mass of tightly packed, transparent water-storage cells below the exposed end; transparent “windows” allow the penetration of sunlight into the plants’ mesophyll
WINDOW LEAVES
PRODUCES PLANTLETS ALONG THE MARGIN of its leaves, plantlets drop on the soil and grows; asexual reproduction
KALANCHOE DAIGREMONTIANA
production of new individuals along a leaf magin of the AIR PLANT;
- plantlets are complete with roots and leaves, even after a leaf has been removed from the parent plant; each plantlet can mature into a mature plant
KALANCHOE PINNATA
Kalanchoe daigremontiana
Kalanchoe pinnata
REPRODUCTIVE LEAVES
- specialized leaves known as BRACTS, found at the bases of flowers or flower stalks
- Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
FLORAL LEAVES (BRACT)
- “PASSIVE TRAP”
- have NECTAR-SECRETING GLANDS around the rim
- distinctive odor produced by glands attracts insects
- insects will be stuck and eventually they will be trapped
- grow in SWAMPY AREAS, hence NITROGEN DEFICIENCY; may grow without insects if nutrients are given as they are photosynthetic
- contain liquids with DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
PITCHER PLANTS (Serracenia)
- MECHANICALLY / ACTIVELY TRAPS INSECTS
- leaves covered with GLANDUALR HAIRS that have sticky digestive enzymes
- SENSITIVE TO MOVEMENT, bends toward stimulants (insects), and return to original position after digestion; DOES NOT REACT TO NON-EDIBLE STIMULANTS
SUNDEWS (Drosera)
- ATIVE TRAP
- two halves of the blade have the appearance of being hinged along the midrib, with stiff, hairlike projections along their margins
- INNER HAIR STIMULANTS, triggers the closing movement of the 2 blades then the digestive enzymes are secreted; further movements causes the strengthening of the hold of the 2 closing blades
VENUS FLYTRAP (Dionaea muscipula)
- found in margins of LAKES AND STREAMS
- have FINELY DISSECTED LEAVES with TINY BLADDERS
- when triggered, trapdoor springs open, causing water to rush into the bladder, trapping the insect inside; insect drowns and is broken down by bacterias present in the bladder
BLADDERWORTS (Utricularia)
leaf tea for colds and relieve INFANT COLIC—affects 3–4 month old babies with loud and mostly non-stop crying
CATNIP
NEPERA CATARIA
decoction from leaves used as CURE ALL by NATIVE AMERICANS especially for respiratory problems
CREOSOTE BUSH
Larrea divaricate
DRIED LEAVES used for minor pain, laxative, flavoring in liquor, sexual stimulant, improve blood circulation
DAMIANA
Turnera diffusa
- drug complex from leaves containing atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine (opium antidote)
- SHOCK TREATMENT
- PUPIL DILATION
- SCOPALAMNE as tranquilizer to induce TWILIGHT SLEEP DURING CHILD BIRTH
DEADLY NIGHTSHADE
Atropa belladona
OPIUM ANTIDOTE
SCOPALAMINE
- leaves and roots have ANTIVIRAL and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY property
- BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ECHINACEA
Echinacea purpurea
- oil extracted from leaves used to alleviate BRONCHITIS AND COUGHS
EUCALYPTUS
Eucalyptus spp
- concentrated leaf extract improves oxygen carrying capacity of capillaries especially those of the brain and may IMPROVE MEMORY
- used for treating VERTIGO and TINNITUS—ringing of the ear
GINKGO BILOBA
leaf and root extract used for GALLSTONEformation and alleviate DIGESTION PROBLEMS
GLOBE ARTICHOKE
Cynara scolymus
unfermented leaves source of POLYPHENOLS which appear to REDUCE CANCER incidence for regular users through NEUTRALISATION OF FREE RADICALS
GREEN TEA
Camellia sinensis
ingredient of green tea particularly effective for PROSTATE CANCER
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG)
- drugs atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine obtained from seeds, flowers, and leaves
- used for KNOCKOUT DROPS and for ASTHMA
- HIGHLY POISONUS
JIMSON WEED
Datura stramonium spp
LEAF TEA used as sedative, muscle relaxant, and pain reliever
KAVA KAVA
Piper methysticum
LEAF EXTRACT oils used for COLDS
LEMON BALM
Melissa officinalis
Source of LOBELINE SULFATE
- used for SMOKING CESSATION and in treatment of RESPIRATORY DISORDER
LOBELIA
Lobelia inflata
