Mod 14 Flashcards
What is Jean Piaget most famous for?
developed the first theory of child cognitive development
What is Lawrence Kohlberg most famous for?
theory of moral development
What is Konrad Lorenz most famous for?
discovery of the principle of attachment, or imprinting - bond is formed between a newborn animal and its caregiver.
What is Erik Erikson most famous for?
theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis.
personality development takes place all through the lifespan - not just childhood (Freud)
What are the four stages of cognitive development and what milestones occur during each stage?
- Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
• Object permanence - things continue to exist even when out of sight
• Stranger anxiety - Preoperational (2 years – 6 or 7 years)
• Pretend play
• Egocentrism – inability to take others’ point of view - Concrete operational (7 years – 11 years)
• conservation - mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
• mathematical ability - Formal operational (12 years and older)
• abstract reasoning
• moral reasoning
What is a schema?
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (an understanding)
Understand and be able to give examples of assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation - interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Ex) Toddler may call all four-legged animals ‘dogs’
Child learns ‘dog’ is too broad and adjusts schema
Understand the concepts of: Object Permanence Stranger Anxiety Conservation Egocentrism Theory of Mind
Give examples of each
Object permanence - the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived
Ex) If you hide a toy, the infant will momentarily look for it
Stranger anxiety - the fear of strangers that infants commonly display
Ex) They may greet strangers by crying and reaching for familiar caregivers: “No! Don’t leave me!”
Conservation - properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Ex) When the milk is poured into a tall, narrow glass, it suddenly seems like “more” than when it was in the shorter, wider glass. In another year or so, she will understand that the amount stays the same.
Egocentrism - inability to take others’ point of view
Ex) Asked to “show Mommy your picture,” 2-year-old Gabriella holds the picture up facing her own eyes
Theory of Mind - people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Ex) False-belief: shown band-aid box, think it has band-aids, actually has pencils. asked what other child might think is in box - answer “pencils” (3 year old)
How did Vygotsky’s view of development differ from that in Piaget, and how is language involved?
Vygotsky - child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment
Piaget - child’s mind grows through interaction with the physical environment
Language, an important ingredient of social mentoring, provides the building blocks for thinking, noted Vygotsky
Whether out loud or inaudibly, talking to themselves helps children control their behavior and emotions and master new skills
How does scaffolding supposedly work?
process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed. The theory is that when students are given the support they need while learning something new, they stand a better chance of using that knowledge independently.
What is autism spectrum disorder and what are its characteristics?
difficulties in social interaction and communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior
What is attachment and how does it promote survival?
- Emotional bond with a caregiver
- Promotes protection, security and exploration
- Facilitated by sensation of touch, more important than food
- Secure attachment – seek parent for comfort, safety, can then safely explore
- “The Strange Situation” - In their mother’s presence they play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. When she leaves, they become distressed; when she returns, they seek contact with her.
What types of parental behaviors encourage secure attachment, and what kind of behaviors does a securely attached child show?
Caregivers who are consistently available, sensitive to their infant’s signals, and receptive and accepting of their distress tend to have babies who are securely attached with them
show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves quickly when the caregiver returns.
How does Harlow’s work with monkey relate to human attachment?
Psychologists Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow raised monkeys with two artificial mothers—one a bare wire cylinder with a wooden head and an attached feeding bottle, the other a cylinder with no bottle but covered with foam rubber and wrapped with terry cloth. The Harlows’ discovery surprised many psychologists: The infants much preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother.
contact comfort - Human infants, too, become attached to parents who are soft and warm and who rock, feed, and pat
What is “basic trust”?
a sense that the world is predictable and reliable
