Antisocial & Prosocial Relations

Question 1

What are antisocial relations and what are the two types that were discussed?

Answer 1

Thoughts and behaviors aimed towards harming others - lack consideration for their well-being

Prejudice
Aggression

Question 2

What is prejudice and how is prejudice different from stereotypes and discrimination?

Answer 2

Stereotype - generalized BELIEFS about a group
causes
Prejudice - negative EMOTIONS towards a group
causes
Discrimination - harmful BEHAVIOR toward group

Question 3

What are stereotypes and why are they harmful?

Answer 3

Generalized BELIEFS about a group

Depersonalization: individuals categorized, not unique
Pressure to live up to positive stereotypes
Fear of being judged

Question 4

What is stereotype threat and what are ways to reduce stereotype threat?

Answer 4

Stress from fear that one will by judged based on a negative stereotype that causes performance to suffer

Remove suggestions about stereotypes
Convey that diversity is valued
Make responses unanimous

Question 5

What is discrimination and what causes discrimination?

Answer 5

Harmful BEHAVIOR toward group

In-group Bias - tend to favor our own groups over others
Implicit Prejudice - automatic, unaware
Explicit Prejudice - intention, aware

Question 6

What are ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 6

Proximity to outgroup members and positive interactions with them

Exposure to counter-stereotypic exemplars
(greater diversity in leadership position)

Consciously replacing prejudiced responses

Laws condemning prejudice and discrimination

Question 7

What is aggression and what are the different types of aggression?

Answer 7

Any behavior intended to harm a person who doesn’t wish to be harmed

Instrumental - means to an end, helps achieve a goal
Hostile - is an end in itself, results from anger

Question 8

What are environmental and individual risk factors for extreme aggression?

Answer 8

Environmental:

• Easy access to guns
• Social exclusion and isolation
• Family, neighborhood characteristics
• Media violence
• School characteristics
• Alcohol
• Stressful events

Individual:

• Gender and Age
• Aggressive behavior in early childhood
• Personality and emotion regulation
• Obsession with weapons, death

Question 9

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

Answer 9

(a) frustration produces aggressive urge
(b) aggression is result of prior frustrations

For example, if a man is disrespected and humiliated at his work, but cannot respond to this for fear of losing his job, he may go home and take his anger and frustration out on his family.

Question 10

What was the Bobo doll experiment and how does it relate to aggression?

Answer 10

Adult (Bandura) treated doll aggressively or non-aggressively - children always treated doll the same way

People can learn to be or not be aggressive by observing the behavior of others

Question 11

How can media contribute to aggression?

Answer 11

Watching violent media makes a person more likely to act aggressively or violently

Question 12

What are ways of reducing aggression?

Answer 12

Teach kids non-aggressive ways to handle conflicts
Model non-aggressive behavior
Allow anger to dissipate (deep breathing, distraction)
Talk things out - consider the situational determinants of others’ behavior

Question 13

What is altruism?

Answer 13

Act that benefits another person
Does not benefit the helper
May even pose some risk to the helper

Ex) Giving your lunch away even though you’re hungry

Question 14

What causes us to become attracted to someone?

Answer 14

Proximity: geographic closeness
Exposure-effect: repeated exposure increases liking
Physical attractiveness
Similarity

Question 15

How are passionate love and companionate love different?

Answer 15

Passionate love:
Intense desire for someone
Temporary
Based on arousal
Fueled by testosterone, dopamine, and adrenaline

Companionate love:
Deep affectionate attachment to someone
More long-lasting
Based on feelings of trust, calmness, and bonding
Fueled by oxytocin

Question 16

What predicts whether a relationship will last?

Answer 16

Relationship Equity: both partners receive in proportion to what they give (ex. sharing household chores)

Self-disclosure: Revealing intimate details about ourselves promotes intimacy

Positive Support: Positive interactions outnumber negative ones; conflicts are resolved without contempt or sarcasm

Question 17

Who is Kitty Genovese and how does her story relate to the bystander effect?

Answer 17

Was murdered on her way home in NYC
Multiple witnesses did not help her or call police

Bystander effect - people are less likely to help if other bystanders are present

Question 18

What are motives for helping others?

Answer 18

Social-responsibility: helping is expected or adaptive

Reciprocity Norm: Others will help us in the future

Empathy-altruism: We empathize with others and help

Question 19

When are people most likely to help others?

Answer 19

Notice someone needs help
Interpret incident as an emergency
Assume personal responsibility for getting help

Person is similar to us
Person is a woman
We are not in a hurry
Less people are around
We are in a good mood

Question 20

What is tragedy of the commons? What leads to cooperation?

Answer 20

A.k.a “Social Trap”

Individuals pursue personal interest without regard for the common good of the group or society

Cooperation increases when groups have shared goals that can only be achieved by working together