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BYU - Anatomy Lab > Miscellaneous - Lecture > Flashcards

Miscellaneous - Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Where are mucous membranes found in the body?

A

They line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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2
Q

Where are the principal serous membranes in the body?

A

Lining the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.

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3
Q

What membrane covers the entire exterior of the body?

A

The cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

Where are synovial membranes found in the body and what do they do?

A

Surrounding synovial joints and producing synovial fluid

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5
Q

Are serous membranes made up of two individual membrane layers?

A

No, they are two-layered, continuous sacks

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6
Q

What are the main body cavities (4)?

A

Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities), thoracic cavity (mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity), abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

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7
Q

When is the pre-embryonic period?

A

The first 1-2 weeks after fertilization.

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8
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Weeks 3-8 after fertilization.

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9
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Weeks 9-38 after fertilization.

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10
Q

What two sacs are present in the pre-embryonic period?

A

The amnion and yolk sac

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11
Q

Which part of the bilaminar pre-embryonic disc will become the embryo?

A

The epiblast

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12
Q

What two types of embryonic folding occur after gastrulation?

A

Transverse and cephalocaudal

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13
Q

What two tissues give rise to the placenta?

A

The trophoblast and the endometrium

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14
Q

What is another term for the trophoblast?

A

Chorion

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15
Q

What two types of tissue are part of the trophoblast?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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16
Q

What two structures make up the blastocyst?

A

The inner cell mass and trophoblast

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17
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular, blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

Is epithelial tissue polar or non-polar?

A

Polar, with an apical and basal side

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19
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located in the body?

A

Ureters, bladder, and urethra

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20
Q

What is a merocrine (type of exocrine) gland?

A

Most common type: products are simply secreted (‘mere secretion’)

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21
Q

What is an apocrine (type of exocrine) gland?

A

Apical half of cell pinches off as secretion (‘apical gland’)

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22
Q

What is a holocrine (type of exocrine) gland?

A

Mature cells die and release all their cellular contents as the secretion (‘whole gland’)

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23
Q

What makes up the bulk of connective tissue ECM?

A

Protein fibers (e.g. reticular, collagen, and elastic fibers) and ground substance

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24
Q

What are the main connective tissue cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells, fibroblast cells, and adipocytes

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25
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
  • Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)
  • Fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)
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26
Q

What are the main types of loose connective tissue proper (3)?

A

Areolar (surrounds and protects tissues and organs - ‘packing peanuts’)

Reticular (supportive framework for lymphocytic and vascular tissues)

Adipose (energy storage)

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27
Q

What are the main types of dense connective tissue proper (3)?

A

Regular (tendons and ligaments)

Irregular (dermis and organ capsules)

Elastic (allows stretching of large arteries, airways, and ligaments)

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28
Q

How thick is the skin (give the range from thinnest to thickest)?

A

1.5 - 4 mm

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29
Q

In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes located?

A

The stratum basale

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30
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Melanocytes in a certain area lose their ability to make melanin

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31
Q

What two layers make up the dermis?

A

Papillary (areolar tissue) and reticular (dense irregular connective tissue) layers

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32
Q

Is the dermis vascular and/or innervated?

A

Yes.

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33
Q

What is a keloid?

A

Overproduction of scar tissue.

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34
Q

Is a freckle an increase in the number of melanocytes?

A

No. A freckle is an increase in melanocyte activity (not in number. A nevus is an increase in melanocyte number.

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35
Q

What are striae?

A

Torn collagen fibers

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36
Q

Is subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissue part of the integument?

A

No, only the epidermis and dermis.

37
Q

What are nails and hair made of?

A

Hard keratin

38
Q

What are the three main types of hair?

A

Lanugo (fetal), villus (fine), and terminal (adult)

39
Q

What are the three phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen (2-7 years active growth)
Catagen (2-3 weeks follicular shrinkage)
Telogen (2-4 months follicular shedding)

(Follicular regeneration)

40
Q

What is another name for a sweat gland? What are the two types?

A

Sudoriferous gland: eccrine - cover most of the body; apocrine - genital, axillary, and anal areas

41
Q

What causes acne?

A

A plugged hair follicle

42
Q

What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a first-degree burn?

A

Epidermis

43
Q

What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a second-degree burn?

A

Epidermis, part of dermis

44
Q

What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a third-degree burn?

A

Epidermis, dermis

45
Q

Where do basal cell carcinomas originate?

A

The stratum basale

46
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas originate?

A

Keratinocytes

47
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci)
  • Elastic (epiglottis and external ear)
48
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients if it is avascular?

A

Diffusion

49
Q

What are the two methods of ossification?

A

Intramembranous (flat bones, facial bones, mandible, and clavicle) and endochondral

50
Q

What is another name for the growth plate?

A

The epiphyseal plate

51
Q

Where do bones grow thicker (appositional growth)?

A

The periosteum and endosteum

52
Q

What are the steps of fracture repair?

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Cartilage forms
  3. Spongy bone forms (endochondral ossification)
  4. Compact bone forms over outer surface
53
Q

How many cranial fossae are there?

A

Three; anterior, middle, and posterior

54
Q

What different fontanelles are there?

A

Anterior, posterior, sphenoid, and mastoid

55
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A

Warm air, humidify air, make the skull lighter, and resonate sound

56
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

57
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

58
Q

What are two types of synarthrotic fibrous joints?

A

Sutures (skull) and gomphosis (teeth through periodontal ligaments)

59
Q

What is a type of amphiarthrotic fibrous joint?

A

Syndesmosis (radial-ulnar and tibial-fibular interosseous membrane)

60
Q

What is a type of synarthrotic cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchondroses (bone connected to hyaline cartilage)

61
Q

What is a type of amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint?

A

Symphyses (Intervertebral disc or pubic symphysis)

62
Q

Are synovial joints syn-, amphi-, or diarthrotic?

A

Diarthrotic

63
Q

How do nerves regenerate?

A

Axonal sprouting and collateral sprouting

64
Q

What are the major nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

65
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

A collection of spinal nerves that interweave and then branch off into specific systemic nerves.

66
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1 - C4

67
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1

68
Q

What structure does the brachial plexus cluster around?

A

The axillary artery

69
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1 - L4

L4 - S4

70
Q

What is the typical male hematocrit?

A

47% (42% - 52%)

71
Q

What is the typical female hematocrit?

A

41% (37% - 47%)

72
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A

5.25 L/min

73
Q

Which blood vessel layer (tunica intima, media, or externa) contains the vasa vasorum?

A

The tunica externa

74
Q

Which arteries are elastic arteries?

A

The aorta and its main branches (brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac)

75
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous (MC), fenestrated (small intestine, kidneys, endocrine), and sinusoidal (bone marrow, spleen, liver)

76
Q

How many umbilical veins are there?

A

Just 1

77
Q

What specialized lymphatic vessels are found in the GI tract?

A

Lacteals

78
Q

Besides B and T cells, what other type of immune cell arises from the lymphocyte lineage?

A

Natural killer cells

79
Q

How are NK cells different from B or T cells?

A

They can react to multiple antigens (infected and cancerous cells) while B and T cells can only react to one each.

80
Q

What cartilage makes up the tip of the nose? What about the just behind it?

A

Major alar cartilage; minor alar cartilage

81
Q

What muscle lines the back of the trachea?

A

Trachealis

82
Q

Which salivary gland makes 60% - 70% of the saliva?

A

The submandibular gland

83
Q

What is another name for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

84
Q

What are the four principal types of hernia?

A

Inguinal, femoral, hiatal, umbilical

85
Q

What structure funnels urine into the urethra?

A

The trigone

86
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Fructose, prostaglandins, and bicarbonate

87
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Citric acid, seminalplasmin (antibiotic), PSA

88
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

Mucus

89
Q

What is the process of increased sperm conditioning and motility in the female reproductive tract called?

A

Capacitation

BYU - Anatomy Lab (24 decks)

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