Miscellaneous - Lecture Flashcards
Where are mucous membranes found in the body?
They line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Where are the principal serous membranes in the body?
Lining the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.
What membrane covers the entire exterior of the body?
The cutaneous membrane
Where are synovial membranes found in the body and what do they do?
Surrounding synovial joints and producing synovial fluid
Are serous membranes made up of two individual membrane layers?
No, they are two-layered, continuous sacks
What are the main body cavities (4)?
Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities), thoracic cavity (mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity), abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
When is the pre-embryonic period?
The first 1-2 weeks after fertilization.
When is the embryonic period?
Weeks 3-8 after fertilization.
When is the fetal period?
Weeks 9-38 after fertilization.
What two sacs are present in the pre-embryonic period?
The amnion and yolk sac
Which part of the bilaminar pre-embryonic disc will become the embryo?
The epiblast
What two types of embryonic folding occur after gastrulation?
Transverse and cephalocaudal
What two tissues give rise to the placenta?
The trophoblast and the endometrium
What is another term for the trophoblast?
Chorion
What two types of tissue are part of the trophoblast?
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
What two structures make up the blastocyst?
The inner cell mass and trophoblast
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
Avascular, blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue
Is epithelial tissue polar or non-polar?
Polar, with an apical and basal side
Where is transitional epithelium located in the body?
Ureters, bladder, and urethra
What is a merocrine (type of exocrine) gland?
Most common type: products are simply secreted (‘mere secretion’)
What is an apocrine (type of exocrine) gland?
Apical half of cell pinches off as secretion (‘apical gland’)
What is a holocrine (type of exocrine) gland?
Mature cells die and release all their cellular contents as the secretion (‘whole gland’)
What makes up the bulk of connective tissue ECM?
Protein fibers (e.g. reticular, collagen, and elastic fibers) and ground substance
What are the main connective tissue cells?
Mesenchymal cells, fibroblast cells, and adipocytes
What are the three main types of connective tissue?
- Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
- Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)
- Fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)
What are the main types of loose connective tissue proper (3)?
Areolar (surrounds and protects tissues and organs - ‘packing peanuts’)
Reticular (supportive framework for lymphocytic and vascular tissues)
Adipose (energy storage)
What are the main types of dense connective tissue proper (3)?
Regular (tendons and ligaments)
Irregular (dermis and organ capsules)
Elastic (allows stretching of large arteries, airways, and ligaments)
How thick is the skin (give the range from thinnest to thickest)?
1.5 - 4 mm
In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes located?
The stratum basale
What is vitiligo?
Melanocytes in a certain area lose their ability to make melanin
What two layers make up the dermis?
Papillary (areolar tissue) and reticular (dense irregular connective tissue) layers
Is the dermis vascular and/or innervated?
Yes.
What is a keloid?
Overproduction of scar tissue.
Is a freckle an increase in the number of melanocytes?
No. A freckle is an increase in melanocyte activity (not in number. A nevus is an increase in melanocyte number.
What are striae?
Torn collagen fibers
Is subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissue part of the integument?
No, only the epidermis and dermis.
What are nails and hair made of?
Hard keratin
What are the three main types of hair?
Lanugo (fetal), villus (fine), and terminal (adult)
What are the three phases of hair growth?
Anagen (2-7 years active growth)
Catagen (2-3 weeks follicular shrinkage)
Telogen (2-4 months follicular shedding)
(Follicular regeneration)
What is another name for a sweat gland? What are the two types?
Sudoriferous gland: eccrine - cover most of the body; apocrine - genital, axillary, and anal areas
What causes acne?
A plugged hair follicle
What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a first-degree burn?
Epidermis
What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a second-degree burn?
Epidermis, part of dermis
What layer(s) of skin are damaged in a third-degree burn?
Epidermis, dermis
Where do basal cell carcinomas originate?
The stratum basale
Where do squamous cell carcinomas originate?
Keratinocytes
What are the three types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci)
- Elastic (epiglottis and external ear)
How does cartilage receive nutrients if it is avascular?
Diffusion
What are the two methods of ossification?
Intramembranous (flat bones, facial bones, mandible, and clavicle) and endochondral
What is another name for the growth plate?
The epiphyseal plate
Where do bones grow thicker (appositional growth)?
The periosteum and endosteum
What are the steps of fracture repair?
- Hematoma
- Cartilage forms
- Spongy bone forms (endochondral ossification)
- Compact bone forms over outer surface
How many cranial fossae are there?
Three; anterior, middle, and posterior
What different fontanelles are there?
Anterior, posterior, sphenoid, and mastoid
What do the paranasal sinuses do?
Warm air, humidify air, make the skull lighter, and resonate sound
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What are two types of synarthrotic fibrous joints?
Sutures (skull) and gomphosis (teeth through periodontal ligaments)
What is a type of amphiarthrotic fibrous joint?
Syndesmosis (radial-ulnar and tibial-fibular interosseous membrane)
What is a type of synarthrotic cartilaginous joint?
Synchondroses (bone connected to hyaline cartilage)
What is a type of amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint?
Symphyses (Intervertebral disc or pubic symphysis)
Are synovial joints syn-, amphi-, or diarthrotic?
Diarthrotic
How do nerves regenerate?
Axonal sprouting and collateral sprouting
What are the major nerve plexuses?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
What is a nerve plexus?
A collection of spinal nerves that interweave and then branch off into specific systemic nerves.
Which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?
C1 - C4
Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
C5 - T1
What structure does the brachial plexus cluster around?
The axillary artery
Which spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?
L1 - L4
L4 - S4
What is the typical male hematocrit?
47% (42% - 52%)
What is the typical female hematocrit?
41% (37% - 47%)
What is the average cardiac output?
5.25 L/min
Which blood vessel layer (tunica intima, media, or externa) contains the vasa vasorum?
The tunica externa
Which arteries are elastic arteries?
The aorta and its main branches (brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac)
What are the three types of capillary?
Continuous (MC), fenestrated (small intestine, kidneys, endocrine), and sinusoidal (bone marrow, spleen, liver)
How many umbilical veins are there?
Just 1
What specialized lymphatic vessels are found in the GI tract?
Lacteals
Besides B and T cells, what other type of immune cell arises from the lymphocyte lineage?
Natural killer cells
How are NK cells different from B or T cells?
They can react to multiple antigens (infected and cancerous cells) while B and T cells can only react to one each.
What cartilage makes up the tip of the nose? What about the just behind it?
Major alar cartilage; minor alar cartilage
What muscle lines the back of the trachea?
Trachealis
Which salivary gland makes 60% - 70% of the saliva?
The submandibular gland
What is another name for swallowing?
Deglutition
What are the four principal types of hernia?
Inguinal, femoral, hiatal, umbilical
What structure funnels urine into the urethra?
The trigone
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
Fructose, prostaglandins, and bicarbonate
What does the prostate secrete?
Citric acid, seminalplasmin (antibiotic), PSA
What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?
Mucus
What is the process of increased sperm conditioning and motility in the female reproductive tract called?
Capacitation
