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Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Major minerals are found in _________ _________

Trace minerals occur in _______ ________ in the body.

A

larger quantities

smaller amounts

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2
Q

Minerals are

A

inorganic elements

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3
Q

Many of the ________ _______ are widely ______ in foods, and most people eating a _______ ________ are expected to receive ________ ______.

A

essential minerals
distributed
mixed diet
adequate intakes

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4
Q

The amounts required vary from ______ per day for sodium and calcium through _______ per day (e.g. iron, zinc), to ________ per day for the __________ _______.

A

grams
milligrams
trace elements

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5
Q

Macrominerals

A

required in a quantity > 100 mg/day

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6
Q

Microminerals

A

required in a quantity < 100 mg/day

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7
Q

Minerals do not supply ________ to the diet.

A

calories

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8
Q

What may harmfully affect absorption and balance in the body?

A

Abnormally/excessive intake of one or more minerals

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9
Q

When intake is __________, deficiency may develop

e.g. anemia (____) and goiter (______)

A

insufficient

iron and iodine

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10
Q

RDA is

A

the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements
Recommended Dietary Allowance

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11
Q

Macrominerals include

A 
Ca
Mg
P
Na
K
Cl
S
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12
Q

Magnesium is a

A

constituent of bone and teeth

constituent of chlorophyll in plants

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13
Q

Enzyme cofactor in magnesium is

A

kinase

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14
Q

Magnesium sources include

A

legumes
meat
fish

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15
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

99% of the body calcium is found in the bones and 1% of the body calcium is in its fluids

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16
Q

Sources of calcium include:

A
  • milk and milk products
  • green vegetables
  • a few fish
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17
Q

Functions of calcium include:

A
  • formation of bone and teeth
  • regulation of neuromuscular excitability
  • release of hormones & neurotransmitters
  • maintenance of normal blood pressure
  • blood coagulation (thrombin)
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18
Q

What factors affect Ca absorption?

A

regulation: by the parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D
hypocalcemia: causes tetany and convulsion
hypercalcemia: causes renal stones

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19
Q

Recommended daily dietary allowances for calcium

A

infants 400-600 mg
children 800 mg
adults 1200 mg and 800 mg after 25 y/o
pregnant/lactating 1200 mg

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20
Q

Phosphorus

A

about 85% of it is found combined with calcium in the crystals of bones and teeth as calcium phosphate

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21
Q

Calcium phosphate gives bones and teeth

A

strength and rigidity

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22
Q

Sources of phosphorus include

A

plant and animal food

foods rich in protein

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23
Q

Functions of phosphorus include:

A
  • constituent of bone & teeth
  • atp
  • nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
  • structural component of cell membrane
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24
Q

Many _______ and ________ become active when a phosphate group is ________.

A

enzymes and vitamins

attached

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25
Hypophosphatemia
phosphate levels are abnormally low
26
Phosphorus Deficiency
causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
27
Sodium
principle cation in ECF | normal range= 136-145 mmol/L
28
Functions of sodium include:
- regulate plasma volume - regulate muscle and nerve function - facilitate absorption of glucose and amino acids from the intestinal lumen
29
Sodium deficiency
hyponatremia | may be due to renal disease , diabetes (osmotic diuresis), use of diurectics
30
RDA for sodium
1200-1500 mg
31
Potassium is
an important intracellular cation
32
Potassium is critical to maintaining the ___________.
heartbeat
33
_________ the ________ in the diet can promote sodium excretion and thereby _______ the _______ ________-.
Increasing the potassium | lower the blood pressure
34
Functions of potassium include:
muscle and nerve function
35
Sources of potassium: | Normal RDA:
``` fruits vegetables grains meats fish poultry 3.5-5.0 mmol/L ```
36
Potassium deficiency
causes muscle weakness and paralysis
37
Excess potassium causes
cardiac arrest in diastole
38
Chloride _______ sodium in the fluids outside the cells __ ____ _______, maintaining the acid-base balance.
accompanies, in the blood
39
In the stomach, chloride ions are part of ____
HCL
40
Chloride deficiency
vomiting | diurectics which leads to alkalosis
41
Sulfur is necessary to all _____ ______. It _________ to the characteristic odor of burning _____ and _______.
body tissue contributes hair and tissue
42
Sulfate is necessary for _______. Sulfur is a component of some _______ _____ and therefore is found in ______-rich foods .
metabolism amino acids protein
43
Amino acids contain sulfur e.g. _______ and _________
cysteine and methionine
44
Copper is a
constituent of the oxidase enzyme e.g. has a role in iron absorption
45
Sources of copper include
``` legumes whole grains nuts shellfish seeds ```
46
Copper deficiency can cause | RDA is
microcytic hypochromic anemia | 900 nanograms per day for adults
47
Copper toxicity can lead to
liver cirrhosis nausea vomiting diarrhea
48
Manganese is involved in
``` bone formation thyroid function formation of connective tissue sex hormone functions calcium absorption immune function fat and carb metabolism ```
49
Manganese is a cofactor for
hydroxylase decarboxylase transferase
50
Sources of manganese include
nuts grains coffee tea
51
Manganese RDA
RDA has not been established but an intake of 2 to 5 mg per day is recommended for adults
52
Functions of Zinc
``` part of insulin involved in making genetic material and proteins immunity vitamin A transport taste, healing, making sperm ```
53
Zinc is a cofactor of
many enzymes Lactate DH Alkaline phosphatase
54
Zinc deficiency causes
growth failure impaired wound healing decrease in immune function and taste sensation
55
Sources of zinc include
``` meat fish poultry milk legumes ```
56
RDA for Zinc
11 mg/day for adult males and 8 mg/day for adult females
57
Cobalt
required only as a constituent of vitamin B12
58
Cobalt deficiency causes
vitamin B12 deficiency
59
Selenium
a constituent of glutathione peroxidase
60
Selenium is important for
normal pancreatic function
61
The RDA for selenium
70 nanograms/day for adults and 55 nanograms/day for adult females
62
Sources of selenium
seafood meats whole grains vegetables
63
Toxicity of selenium occurs at
high doses (above 200 nanograms/day)
64
Fluoride
increases hardness of bones and teeth | water is a source of fluoride
65
Deficiency of fluoride causes
dental caries and osteoporosis
66
Excess of fluoride causes
dental fluorosis
67
Iodine is a
constituent of thyroxin and triiodothyroxin (T3 and T4)
68
Sources of Iodine include
iodized salt | sea food
69
Iodine is _____ in the thyroid gland. Iodine ________ results in _______ _________ and _______.
stored deficiency endemic goiter cretinism
70
Iodine RDA
150 nanograms/day for adults
71
Iron is absorbed in the
upper small intestine
72
Excess loss of iron due to
hemorrhage is frequent
73
Sources of Iron include
vegetable eggs meats legumes
74
Functions of Iron include
- transport oxygen as a component of hemoglobin - incorporated in myoglobin - component of several enzymes such as peroxidase and catalase
75
RDA for iron
adult men: 8 mg/day adult women: 19-50 y/o : 18 mg/day women > 50 yrs : 8 mg/day
76
Factors favoring absorption include
ferrous form acids (e.g. HCL and vitamin c) sugar and amino acids
77
Factors reducing absorption include
- ferric form - phosphate - anti acid and alkalis - infection and tea
78
Molybdenum is distributed in
plants and animals
79
Functions of molybdenum
-molybdenum-dependent enzymes are found in pathways that metabolize purine and pyrimidine
80
Sources of Molybdenum
legumes cereals organ meat
81
Chromium Functions
associated with insulin | needed to release energy from glucose
82
Chromium Sources
``` liver vegetable oils nuts yeast mushrooms whole grains ```
83
Chromium Deficiency symptoms
abnormal glucose metabolism
84
Chromium RDAs
men: 35 nanograms/day women: 25 nanograms/day
85
Nickel
may serve as a cofactor for certain enzymes
86
Silicon
is involved in the formation of bones and collagen
87
Vanadium
is necessary for growth and bone development and for normal reproduction
88
Boron
may play a role in brain activites; in animals, strengthens bones

Biochemistry (25 decks)

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