Fatty Acids

Question 1

Fatty acids are

Answer 1

carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains

Question 2

Fatty acids occur in the body mainly as ______ in natural ____ and _____, or found in the un-esterified form as free _____ _______ (FFA)

Answer 2

esters, fat, and oils

free fatty acids

Question 3

The most commonly occurring fatty acids have _____ numbers of carbon atoms in an ________ chain of __ to __ carbons.

Answer 3

even
unbranched
12 to 24

Question 4

Phytanic acid (18C) is a ________ chain fatty acid with 4 _______ groups found in _____ products.

Answer 4

branched, methyl , milk

Question 5

Standard nomenclature assigns the number __ to the _________ carbon (C-1) and (a) to the carbon next to it.

Answer 5

1, carboxyl

Question 6

The position of any double bond(s) is indicated by (delta) followed by a ________ number indicating the lower-numbered carbon in the double bond.

Answer 6

superscript

Question 7

Fatty acids can be classified by

Answer 7

the number of double bonds

Question 8

Fatty acids can be classified as

Answer 8

Saturated FA

Unsaturated FA

Question 9

Saturated FA

Answer 9

contains no double bonds

systematic nomenclature names end in -anoic, e.g. octanoic acid

Question 10

Unsaturated FA

Answer 10

contains one or more double bonds

names end in -enoic, e.g. octadecenoic acid

Question 11

Unsaturated FAs can occur in the form of

Answer 11

1. cis FA (naturally occurring fatty acids in mammals)

2. Trans FA (produced by fermentation or partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils in the food industry)

Question 12

Name 4 things that are rich in trans fats.

Answer 12

margarine
fast foods
baked goods
snacks

Question 13

Trans fats raise the level of

Answer 13

triacyclglycerols and LDL

Question 14

Trans fats increase the body’s

Answer 14

inflammatory response

Question 15

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further subdivided as follows:

Answer 15

monounsaturated

polysaturated

Question 16

Monounsaturated

Answer 16

fatty acids containing 1 double bond

Question 17

Polyunsaturated

Answer 17

fatty acids containing 2 or more double bonds

Question 18

Eicosanoids

Answer 18

these compounds are derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids

Question 19

The 2 types of polyunsaturated fats are

Answer 19

omega-3 fatty acids

omega-6 fatty acids

Question 20

One type of monounsaturated fat is a

Answer 20

omega-9 fatty acid

Question 21

Omega-3 FA

Answer 21

PUFAs with a double bond between C-3 and C-4

Question 22

Human do not have the efficient enzymatic capacity to

Answer 22

synthesize the omega-3 PUFA

Question 23

Fish oils

Answer 23

are rich in omega-3

Question 24

Omega-6

Answer 24

PUFAs with a double bond between C-6 and C-7 are omega-6 fatty acids

Question 25

Omega 6 is a component of

Answer 25

phospholipids in animals and a precursor of eicosanoids

Question 26

An imbalance of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs in the diet can lead to

Answer 26

an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 27

Fatty acids can also be classified as

Answer 27

essential fatty acids and non essential fatty acids

Question 28

Essential fatty acids

Answer 28

-fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body

Question 29

Essential fatty acids include

Answer 29

linoleic acid (LA) and a-linolenic acid (ALA) and other omega-3-fatty acids

Question 30

Non essential fatty acids

Answer 30

these are fatty acids which can be synthesized in the body

Question 31

Non essential fatty acids include

Answer 31

all saturated and monounsaturated (1 double bond) fatty acids as palmitoleic and oleic acid

Question 32

Non essential fatty acids include

Answer 32

all saturated and monounsaturated (1 double bond) fatty acids as palmitoleic and oleic acid

Question 33

Non essential fatty acids include

Answer 33

all saturated and monounsaturated (1 double bond) fatty acids as palmitoleic and oleic acid

Question 33

Non essential fatty acids include

Answer 33

all saturated and monounsaturated (1 double bond) fatty acids as palmitoleic and oleic acid

Question 33

Non essential fatty acids include

Answer 33

all saturated and monounsaturated (1 double bond) fatty acids as palmitoleic and oleic acid

Question 34

The physcial properties of fatty acids and of compounds that contain them, are largely determined by

Answer 34

- the length of the hydrocarbon chain | - the degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain

Question 35

Solubility: | the ______ nonpolar hydrocarbon chain accounts for ______ solubility of fatty acids in water

Answer 35

long, poor

Question 36

Which fatty acids have lower melting points than the 'other'?

Answer 36

unsaturated FAs have lower melting points than saturated FAs

Question 37

At room temp (25 8C), the saturated FA have a _________ whereas unsaturated FA are _________ ___________.

Answer 37

waxy consistency | oily liquids

Question 38

The membrane lipids are more ________ than _________ _______.

Answer 38

unsaturated, storage lipids

Question 39

Free FAs circulate in the blood bind

Answer 39

non covalently to a protein carrier (albumin)

Question 40

Fatty acids are present in _____ ________ mostly as ________ acid derivatives such as esters or amides

Answer 40

blood plasma | carboxylic

Question 41

What are the 3 most common short chain fatty acids? SCFAs

Answer 41

acetate propionate butyrate

Question 42

What does the oxidation of fatty acids lead to?

Answer 42

formation of peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, short chain FAs, and free radicals

Question 43

Interaction with alkalis give

Answer 43

FA salts (soap)

Question 44

Scientists believe omega6s are ___-________, while omega- 3s are _____-_________.

Answer 44

pro-inflammatory | anti-inflammatory

Question 45

Omega 3s may also improve some mental disorders like

Answer 45

depression and schizophrenia