Biochemistry terminology (additional vocab) Flashcards
Carbohydrate
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or a substance that can be hydrolyzed to a polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
CHO
carbs composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
monosaccharide
a carb composed of 1 sugar unit
dissacharide
a carb composed of 2 sugar units
Oligosaccharide
a carb composed of 3-10 sugar units
Polysaccharide
a carb composed of more than 10 sugar units
Triose
a sugar (monosaccharide) with 3 carbon atoms
Tetrose
a sugar has 4 carbon atoms
Pentose
a sugar has 5 carbon atoms
Hexose
a sugar with 6 carbon atoms
Aldose
a sugar containing an aldehyde group
Ketose
a sugar containing a keto group
Asymmetric C atom
the carbon atom in which 4 diff. groups or atoms are attached
Optical activity
the ability of a substance to rotate plane- polarized light either to the left or right
Enantiomers
a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
Epimers
2 isomers with diff. configurations of atoms around 1 of several asymmetric carbon atoms present
Anomers
is a special type of epimer that differs only in its configuration at the anomeric carbon
Stereochemistry
a subdiscipline of chemistry involving the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules
Chiral molecule
a molecule that have a least 1 asymmetric carbon atom
glycosidic bond
the bond between a carb and another compound (CHO or non CHO) to form a complex carb
Invert sugar
a sugar that contains equal number of both glucose and fructose molecule (unbound, mixture)
TAG
triacylglycerol
TG
triglyceride
FA
fatty acid
LDL
low density lipoprotein
VLDL
very low density lipoprotein
IDL
intermediate density lipoprotein
HDL
high density lipoprotein
eicosanoids 2
cyclic compounds derived from arachidnoic acid (eicosa, 20 carbons) after cyclization of its carbons chain to form a ring
Steroids
a group of compounds that contains a ring called cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
aa
amino acid
amphoteric
capability of a molecule to behave as both an acid and base
Zwitterion
a molecule or ion having separated positively and negatively charged groups ( electrically neutral)
Peptides
short polymers of amino acids formed of less than 50 amino acids
peptide bonds
the bond between an amino acid and another amino acid to form a peptide chain
Purine/pyrimidine
nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements (hetero atoms)
A G C T U
adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
GTP
guanosine triphosphate
UTP
uridine triphosphate
CTP
cytidine triphosphate
TTP
thymidine triphosphate
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
AMP
adenosine monophosphate
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
FMN
flavin mononucleotide
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
nucleoside
composed of nitrogenous base and sugar
nucleotide
composed of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
ribonucleic acid
mRNA
messenger RNA
tRNA
transfer RNA
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
Central dogma
the flow of the genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
Catalysts
organic or inorganic substances that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes
specific protein catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
Substrate
the substance upon which the enzyme acts
Holoenzyme
the enzyme that is a conjugated protein in its nature (composed of protein and non-protein parts)
Apoenzyme
the protein part of the holoenzyme
Cofactor
the non-protein part of the holoenzyme that is required for the activity
Coenzymes
small organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis, bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis
Zymogen
the inactive enzyme precursor
