Carbohydrates: Definition, Importance, Classification

Question 1

What are the most abundant bio-molecules on Earth?

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

Carbohydrates are widely distributed in ______.

Answer 2

plants and animals

Question 3

In plants, glucose is created from _________, and stored as _______ or used to create the _______ of the plant cell wall.

Answer 3

CO2 and H2O by photosynthesis
starch
cellulose

Question 4

What is the most important carbohydrate?

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

Most dietary carbs are absorbed into the _____ as glucose formed by ______ of dietary starch , dissaccharides, and other sugars. These are converted to glucose in the _____.

Answer 5

blood stream, hydrolysis, liver

Question 6

Name 3 examples of fuels.

Answer 6

CHO
Amino Acids
Lipids

Question 7

Why do we metabolize fuels (CHO, Lipids, Amino acids)?

Answer 7

1. to get energy by catabolizing fuels –> ATP

2. to synthesize macromolecules from small building blocks: TAG, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 8

Carbs are _______ and _____ or substances that yield such compounds on ______.

Answer 8

polyhydroxy aldehydes , ketones, hydrolysis

Question 9

Many, but not all have the empirical formula ________, but some also contain ______, _______, or _______.

Answer 9

(CH2O)n

nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

Question 10

Importance of carbohydrates:
Energy production (glucose)
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ of carbs is the central energy-yielding pathway in most \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 10

oxidation, nonphotosynthetic cells

Question 11

Importance of carbs:
Structural components: carb polymers (also called ______) serve as structural and _______ elements in the cell walls of _______ and ______, and in the connective tissues of animals.

Answer 11

glycans, protective, bacteria , plants

Question 12

Some other carb polymers lubricate _______ joints and participate in ____-____ _______ and ___________.

Answer 12

skeletal, cell-cell recognition, adhesion

Question 13

Carbs occur in 4 main size classes:

Answer 13

monosaccharides , 1 sugar unit
disaccharides 2
oligosaccharides 3-10
polysaccharides more than 10

Question 14

The presence of the hydroxyl groups allows carbs to ____ with the _______ environment an to participate in ________ ________ both within and _________ chains.

Answer 14

interact, aqueous, hydrogen bonding, between

Question 15

Derivatives of the carbohydrates can contain ______, _______, and _______ compounds : ________, G6P

Answer 15

nitrogen, phosphates, and sulfur

glucosamine

Question 16

glycoconjugates are

Answer 16

complex carbs polymers covalently attached to lipids to form glycolipids or with protein to form glycoproteins