midterm Flashcards
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding succeeds to other participants and circumstances
Biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates bio logical, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect of behavior caused by the administration of an intern substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation
mean
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
median
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it in half are below it
mode
The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution
ethics in an experiment
1)obtaining informed consent of a potential participants 2)protect them from harm and discomfort 3) treat information about individual participants confidentiality and 4) fully explain the research afterwards
illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists
overconfidence
we tend to think we know more than we do
Control group
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrast of the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
experimental group
an experiment the group that is exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
autonomic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. it’s sympathetic division arouses it’s parasympathetic division calms
somatic nervous system
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles
sympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
endocrine system
The bodies slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
corpus collosum
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and caring messages between them
brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
limbic system
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
amygdala
to lima beans sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus. it directs several maintenance activities like eating drinking & body temperature. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and its link to emotion and reward
plasticity
brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
phrenology
The study of bumps on the scull
axon
The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
dendrite
The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
frontal lobe
portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the four head; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
Occipital lobe
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
cocktail party effect
we can only truly concentrate on one voice in a crowd
Choice blindness
we only see what we’d like to see
selective attention
The focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings