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midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding succeeds to other participants and circumstances

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1
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates bio logical, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

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2
Q

hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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3
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect of behavior caused by the administration of an intern substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

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4
Q

case study

A

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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5
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

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6
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

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7
Q

median

A

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it in half are below it

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8
Q

mode

A

The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution

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9
Q

ethics in an experiment

A

1)obtaining informed consent of a potential participants 2)protect them from harm and discomfort 3) treat information about individual participants confidentiality and 4) fully explain the research afterwards

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10
Q

illusory correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists

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11
Q

overconfidence

A

we tend to think we know more than we do

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12
Q

Control group

A

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrast of the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

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13
Q

experimental group

A

an experiment the group that is exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. it’s sympathetic division arouses it’s parasympathetic division calms

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15
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles

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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

The bodies slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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18
Q

corpus collosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and caring messages between them

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19
Q

brainstem

A

The oldest part and central core of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

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20
Q

limbic system

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

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21
Q

amygdala

A

to lima beans sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus. it directs several maintenance activities like eating drinking & body temperature. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and its link to emotion and reward

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23
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

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24
Q

phrenology

A

The study of bumps on the scull

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25
Q

axon

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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26
Q

dendrite

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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27
Q

frontal lobe

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the four head; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

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28
Q

Occipital lobe

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

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29
Q

cocktail party effect

A

we can only truly concentrate on one voice in a crowd

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30
Q

Choice blindness

A

we only see what we’d like to see

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31
Q

selective attention

A

The focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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32
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

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33
Q

sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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34
Q

narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

35
Q

melatonin

A

a sleep induced hormone

36
Q

sleep deprivation

A

symptoms include irritability fatigue memory loss increase of appetite

37
Q

biological versus adoptive influences

A

biological influences shaped our personality and physical appearances. Adopted influences our children’s attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics

38
Q

natural selection

A

The principle that among the range of inherited traits variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

39
Q

behavior genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on our behavior

40
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

41
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes

42
Q

identical twins

A

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms

43
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than Brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

44
Q

embryo

A

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

45
Q

piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

from birth to nearly 2 years – sensorimotor: experiencing the world through senses and actions involves object permeance and stranger anxiety.
Two to about six or seven years – preoperational: representing things with words and images using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Pretend play and egocentrism
about 7 to 11 years-concrete operational: thinking logically about concrete events grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetic operations. Conversion and mathematical transformations appear
about 12 through adulthood-formal operational: abstract reasoning. potential for mature moral reasoning

46
Q

Harlows attachment theory

A

infants need attachment from their parents. Touching is soothing to the child and is needed for healthy relationship

47
Q

object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

48
Q

theory of mind

A

peoples ideas about their own and others’ mental states. how they perceive their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

49
Q

critical period

A

in optimal period Shortly after birth wear an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

50
Q

menarche

A

The first menstrual period

51
Q

authoritative

A

strict obedience

52
Q

authoritarian

A

Demanding, responsive, explaining, and adaptive

53
Q

egocentrism

A

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

54
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

55
Q

cross-sectional study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

56
Q

longitudinal study

A

research in which the same people every studied and retested over a long period

57
Q

teratogens

A

harmful chemicals that affect the baby in the womb. Stuff like alcohol, and drugs

58
Q

schema

A

A guideline for certain stimulus

59
Q

assimilation

A

allowing new stimulus to form into our already predisposed schemas

60
Q

accommodation

A

allowing are already predisposed schemas to change because of new stimulus

61
Q

insecure attachment

A

infants that are less likely to explore their surroundings they make cling to their mothers and cry loudly when she leave

62
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

63
Q

Ericksons development theory

A

infancy to one year – trust vs miss trust
toddler 1 to 3 years – autonomy vs shame and doubt
preschool 3 to 6 - initiative vs guilt
elementary school 6 to puberty- Industry versus inferiority
adolescence teen years into 20s – identity versus role confusion
Young adulthood 20s into early 40s-intimacy versus isolation
middle adulthood forties to sixties-Generativity versus stagnation
late adulthood 60s and up – integrity versus despair

64
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

65
Q

webster’s law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

66
Q

accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

67
Q

gestalt

A

and organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

68
Q

figure ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

69
Q

perceptual consistency

A

perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retinal images change

70
Q

perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

71
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more they converge, the greater their perceived distance

72
Q

connectedness

A

because they are uniform and linked, we perceive each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit

73
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the personal disposition

74
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

75
Q

role

A

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

76
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

77
Q

conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

78
Q

social facilitation

A

stronger responses on simple Or well learned tasks in the presence of others

79
Q

deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

80
Q

Group polarization

A

The enhancement of the groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

81
Q

groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in the decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

82
Q

mere exposure effect

A

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

83
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

84
Q

GRIT

A

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

85
Q

Solomon asch experiment

A

for people to answer the wrong answer if the group is answering that way

AP psych (13 decks)

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