chapter 9 Flashcards
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category.
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristic
a some thinking strategy that often allows us go make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for info that supports pit preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
fixation
a inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
functional fixednsss
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
representation heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
framing
the way an issue is posed; can impact decisions and judgements
language
our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme
in language, the smallest distinctive sound
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning
grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
sematics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
babbling stage
beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first
one-word stage
the stage in speech development from age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage
beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram
aphasia
implement of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to the Broca’s area of to Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
controls language expression
Wernicke’s area
controls language reception
linguistic determinism
Whorf’s hypotheses that language determines the way we think
