chapter 9

Question 0

concept

Answer 0

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

prototype

Answer 2

a mental image or best example of a category.

Question 3

algorithm

Answer 3

a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 4

heuristic

Answer 4

a some thinking strategy that often allows us go make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone

Question 5

insight

Answer 5

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 6

confirmation bias

Answer 6

a tendency to search for info that supports pit preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 7

fixation

Answer 7

a inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Question 8

mental set

Answer 8

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 9

functional fixednsss

Answer 9

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Question 10

representation heuristic

Answer 10

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 11

availability heuristic

Answer 11

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 12

overconfidence

Answer 12

the tendency to be more confident than correct

Question 13

belief perseverance

Answer 13

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 14

intuition

Answer 14

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 15

framing

Answer 15

the way an issue is posed; can impact decisions and judgements

Question 16

language

Answer 16

our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 17

phoneme

Answer 17

in language, the smallest distinctive sound

Question 18

morpheme

Answer 18

the smallest unit that carries meaning

Question 19

grammar

Answer 19

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 20

sematics

Answer 20

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

Question 21

syntax

Answer 21

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 22

babbling stage

Answer 22

beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first

Question 23

one-word stage

Answer 23

the stage in speech development from age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 24

two-word stage

Answer 24

beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Question 25

telegraphic speech

Answer 25

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram

Question 26

aphasia

Answer 26

implement of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to the Broca’s area of to Wernicke’s area

Question 27

Broca’s area

Answer 27

controls language expression

Question 28

Wernicke’s area

Answer 28

controls language reception

Question 29

linguistic determinism

Answer 29

Whorf’s hypotheses that language determines the way we think