chapter 7

Question 0

associative learning

Answer 0

learning that certain events occur together.

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

the view that psychology 1- should be an objective science that 2- studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

Question 6

conditioned response

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previous neutral stimulus.

Question 7

conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

acquisition

Answer 8

in classical conditioning,the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 9

higher-order conditioning

Answer 9

a procedure on which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

the finishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer required

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

the reappearance, after a pause of

extinguished conditioned response

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

respondent behavior

Answer 14

behavior yeah occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Question 16

operant behavior

Answer 16

behavior that operated on the environment, producing consequences

Question 17

law of effect

Answer 17

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 18

operant chamber

Answer 18

in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
obtain a food or water reinforcer

Question 19

shaping

Answer 19

In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. any stimulus that strengthens the response presented after the response

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Any stimulus removed after a response, that strengthens the response

Question 23

primary reinforcer

Answer 23

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that statistics a biological need

Question 24

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 24

a stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer

Question 25

continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 26

partial reinforcement

Answer 26

reinforcing a response only part of the time. results with slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction

Question 27

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 27

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after
a specified number of responses.

Question 28

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 28

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicted number

Question 29

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 29

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed

Question 30

variable-interval schedule

Answer 30

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

the event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 32

cognitive map

Answer 32

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.

Question 33

latent learning

Answer 33

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 34

intrinsic motivation

Answer 34

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 35

extrinsic motivation

Answer 35

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments

Question 36

observational learning

Answer 36

learning by observing others

Question 37

modeling

Answer 37

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 38

mirror neurons

Answer 38

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. imitation and empathy

Question 39

prosocial behavior

Answer 39

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior.