chapter 7 Flashcards
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together.
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism
the view that psychology 1- should be an objective science that 2- studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previous neutral stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
acquisition
in classical conditioning,the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
higher-order conditioning
a procedure on which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
extinction
the finishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer required
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause of
extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
respondent behavior
behavior yeah occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant behavior
behavior that operated on the environment, producing consequences
law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
obtain a food or water reinforcer
shaping
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. any stimulus that strengthens the response presented after the response
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Any stimulus removed after a response, that strengthens the response
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that statistics a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time. results with slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after
a specified number of responses.
variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicted number
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed
variable-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals
punishment
the event that decreases the behavior that it follows
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
intrinsic motivation
a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. imitation and empathy
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior.
