Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP psych > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events (interpreting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which are sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment (SENSORY SENSATION)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information(works it way up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them (psychooooo relations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time ( minimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signal detection theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes that is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just a noticeable difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

webster’s law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or soundwave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, and when cones don’t respond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cones

A

retinal reception cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

24
Q

fovea

A

Central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

25
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

26
Q

parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously ; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. contrast with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

27
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors – one most sensitive to read, one to green, one to blue – which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

28
Q

opponent–process theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others say inhibited by red and inhibited by green

29
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

30
Q

pitch

A

a tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

31
Q

middle ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the year jam on the cochlea’s oval window

32
Q

cochlea

A

a coiled, bony, fluid – filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses

33
Q

inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear containing the chochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

34
Q

Place theory

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

35
Q

frequency theory

A

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

36
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

37
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness

38
Q

cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

39
Q

kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

40
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sense of the body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

41
Q

Gate-control theory

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the gate is open by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

42
Q

sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

43
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

44
Q

figure – ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

45
Q

grouping

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

46
Q

depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance

47
Q

Visual cliff

A

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

48
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

49
Q

retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retina in the two eyes, the brain computes distance – the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object

50
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

51
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

52
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

53
Q

Color consistency

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

54
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

in Vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

55
Q

perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

56
Q

human factors psychology

A

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

57
Q

extrasensory perception

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes Telepathy clairvoyants and precognition

58
Q

parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis

AP psych (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions