chapter 5

Question 0

embryo

Answer 0

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month. (after zygote)

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

The fertilized egg that enters a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. (fertilized)

Question 2

fetus

Answer 2

The developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth.(after embryo until birth)

Question 3

teratogens

Answer 3

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm(harmful)

Question 4

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 4

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions(FAL = bad)

Question 5

habituation

Answer 5

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner(conditioning)

Question 6

maturation

Answer 6

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience(growing up)

Question 7

cognition

Answer 7

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 8

schema

Answer 8

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 9

assimilation

Answer 9

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Question 10

accommodation

Answer 10

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information.

Question 11

sensorimotor stage

Answer 11

in piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about two years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Question 12

object permanence

Answer 12

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 13

Preoperational stage

Answer 13

in piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or seven years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations to concrete logic

Question 14

Conservation

Answer 14

The principle (which Piaget’s believed to be a part of the concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 15

egocentrism

Answer 15

in piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Question 16

theory of mind

Answer 16

peoples ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Question 17

concrete operational stage

Answer 17

The stage of cognitive development (from about six or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 18

formal operational stage

Answer 18

The stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at the age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Question 19

autism

Answer 19

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of minds

Question 20

stranger anxiety

Answer 20

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about eight months of age

Question 21

attachment

Answer 21

an emotional tie with another person – shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Question 22

critical period

Answer 22

an optimal period Shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 23

imprinting

Answer 23

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Question 24

Basic trust

Answer 24

according to Erick Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy – said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 25

self-concept

Answer 25

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Question 26

adolescence

Answer 26

The transition period from childhood it to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 27

puberty

Answer 27

The period of sexual maturity, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 28

primary sex characteristics

Answer 28

The body structures ( ovaries, testes, and external genitalia )that makes sexual reproduction possible

Question 29

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 29

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Question 30

Menarche

Answer 30

The first menstrual period

Question 31

identity

Answer 31

our sense of self; according to Ericsson, the adolescence task is to solidify a sense of self by testing our integrating doing various roles

Question 32

social identity

Answer 32

The “we” aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to “who I am “that comes from our group memberships.

Question 33

intimacy

Answer 33

in Ericksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Question 34

emerging adulthood

Answer 34

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early 20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and fall into full independence and responsible adulthood

Question 35

menopause

Answer 35

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes of woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Question 36

cross-sectional study

Answer 36

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 37

longitudinal study

Answer 37

research in which the same people arere-studied and retested over a long period

Question 38

crystallized intelligence

Answer 38

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 39

fluid intelligence

Answer 39

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 40

social clock

Answer 40

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 41

developmental psychology

Answer 41

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.