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AP psych > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system. (#⃣1⃣)

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (

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2
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (sensory▶️brain and spinal cord)

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3
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. (brain and spinal cord▶️muscles and glands)

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4
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs. (communication )

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5
Q

dendrite

A

the bushy branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (receives)

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6
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscle or glands. (sends)

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7
Q

myelin stealth

A

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. (tissue that protects axon)

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8
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
(⚡️➡️ axon)

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9
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (threshold-how much it takes)

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10
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
(neurotransmitters SNAP over the SYNAPSE)

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synapse gaps between neurons.
(chemical messages ⭐️)

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12
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron (REuptake- absorption ☁️)

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13
Q

endorphins

A

“morphine within”- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. (pain&pleasure)

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14
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system. (network ♻️)

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15
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord (basic

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. (connections

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17
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles,glands, and sense organs. (cables

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18
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. (bones

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. (

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20
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it’s energy in stressful situations. (FIGHT)

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21
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body conserving energy. (FLIGHT)

22
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus. (response)

23
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system. a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream. (CHEMICALS ⚡️)

24
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissue. (chemical messengers

25
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress. (adrenaline)

26
Q

pituitary gland

A

the endocrine systems most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (growing hormones)

27
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. (yucky)

28
Q

electroencephalogram

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. (surface)

29
Q

PET scan

A

a visual display of the activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (activity in brain ⭐️)

30
Q

MRI

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. (brain anatomy)

31
Q

fMRI

A

a technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. (polygraph)

32
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. responsible for automatic survival functions. (breathing, heart beat )

33
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem: controls heartbeat and breathing. (vital function)

34
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. (

35
Q

thalamus

A

the brains sensory switchboard. directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

36
Q

cerebellum

A

the little brain at the rear of the brainstem. functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

37
Q

lambic system

A

a neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives.

38
Q

amygdala

A

two Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system. linked to emotion.

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities and helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward.

40
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres. the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

41
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

42
Q

frontal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead. involves in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

43
Q

parietal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head toward the rear. receives sensory input for touch and body position.

44
Q

occipital lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head. includes areas that receive information from visual fields.

45
Q

temporal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears. includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

46
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements.

47
Q

sensory cortex

A

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

48
Q

association areas

A

areas in the cerebral cortex that are not primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.

49
Q

plasticity

A

the brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

50
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons.

51
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

52
Q

split brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.

AP psych (13 decks)

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