chapter 16 Flashcards
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often help by conflicting people. each side sees themselves as ethical and peaceful and the other side as evil and aggressive.
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions,goals or ideas.
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
bystander effect
the tendency to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
altruism
the unselfish regard for the welfare if others
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspect of oneself to others.
equity
condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
companionate love
the deep affectionate attraction we feel for those with whom our lives intertwine.
passionate love
an arousal state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
frustration aggression principle
the principle that frustration( the blocking of an attempt to achieve a goal ) creates anger, which can generate aggression.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Karma !
role
set of explanations about a social position, defining how those in the position should behave.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
peripheral route to persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues like speakers attractiveness.
central route to persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and reaping with favorable thoughts.
attitude
feeling often influenced by our beluga that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, peoples, and events.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
informational social influence
influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality.
normative social influence
influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
conformity
adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a groups standards.
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in presence of others.
other-race-effect
the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than the faces of another race.
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers and outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
out group
“them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
ingroup
“us”- people with whom we share a common identity.
discrimination
unjustifiable negative BEHAVIOR toward a group and it’s members.
stereotype
a generalized BELIEF about a group of people.
prejudice
an unjustifiable ATTITUDE toward a group and it’s members.
group polarization
the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that faster arousal and anonymity.
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort toward a common goal than when individually accountable.
group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent on them.
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, each perusing their self-interests, became caught in mutually destructive behavior.
role
set of explanations about social position, defining how those in the position should behave.
