Chapter 4 Flashcards
environment
every non genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to people and things around us (
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of generic and environmental influences on behavior (studying power of
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. (what makes us who we are)
DNA
a complex molecule containing the generic information that makes up the chromosomes (genetics !)
genes
the biochemical units of hereditary that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein (makes up chromosomes )
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes (in every chromosome)
identical twins
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating then genetically identical organisms (⚾️ splitting into ⚾️⚾️)
fraternal twins
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters but they share a fetal environment. (⚾️ and
temperament
a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied (different for everyone)
interaction
the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor.
molecular genetics
the sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
evolutionary psychology
the study if the evolution if behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
natural selection
the principle that, among the range if the inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norma prescribe “proper” behavior.
personal space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
individualism
giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
collectivism
giving priority to goals of ones group and defining ones identity accordingly
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
X chromosome
the sex chromosomes found in both men and women. females have two X chromosomes; males have one. an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome found on only makes. when paired with an X chromosome from the mother it produces a male child.
testosterone
the nose important of the male sex hormones. both makes and females have it but the additional testosterone in makes stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position out to behave.
gender role
a set of expected behavior for males or for females.
gender identity.
our sense of being male or female
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
