Midterm 2014 Flashcards by Victoria Rivas

One goal of science

To provide natural explanation for events in the world. It also aims to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature and to make useful predictions about natural events

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Organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world

Science

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Help scientists generate new ideas

Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity

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Explain the Scientific theory

It applies to a well-tested explanation that unites broad range of observation and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate prediction about new situations

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Relationship between science and society

Using science involves understanding its contexts in society and its limitations

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Characteristics of life

Cells, organization, energy use, homeostasis, growth, reproduction and response

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Central theme of biology

Cellular structure and function, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, evolution, and interdependence

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How can life be explained at different levels?

Biology includes many overlapping fields that use different tools to study life from the level of molecules to the entire planet

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What is the importance of the universal system of measurement

Scientists use it when collecting data and performing experiments

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Positively charged particles (+)

Protons

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Carry no charge

Neutrons

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Negatively charged participle (-) with only 1/1840 mass of a proton

Electors

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Is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Compound

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Is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Element

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Two main types of chemical bonds?

Ionic and Covalent

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Describe waters unique properties

Water is a polar molecule, it able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of water special properties. Water expands upon freezing

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Is a type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed

Solution

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Is a mixture of war and nondissolved material

Suspensions

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Is a compounds that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7

Acidic solution

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Is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution; a solution with a pH of more than 7

Basic solution

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Unique qualities of carbon

Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules life

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Living things use _______ as their main source of energy

Carbohydrates

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Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for

Structural purposes

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How does chemical reaction affect chemical bonds

Chemical reactions involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

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Speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells

Enzymes

Is the scientific study of interaction among organisms and between organisms and their physical enivornment

Ecology

How does biotic and abiotic influence an ecosystem

The biological influence on organisms are called biotic factors and physical components of an ecosystem are called abiotic factor

Non-living

Abiotic

Living

Biotic

What is the method to study ecology

Observation, experimentation, and modeling

Are the first producers of energy rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

Primary producers

an organism requiring organic compounds for its principal source of food

Heterophs

organisms that make their own food

Autotrophs

animal feeding on plants

Herbivores

animal eating both animal and plants

Omnivore

animal that eats flesh

Carnviore

an organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down the cells of dead plants and animals into simpler substances

Decomposers

feeds on detritus particles. earthworms

Detritivores

are animals that consume that carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of other causes

Scavengers

Is a series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food chain

Is a network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Food web

What are three types of ecological pyramids?

Energy pyramid, biomass pyramid, and number pyramid

Is the key ingredient of all organic compounds

Carbon

Processes involved in the carbon cycle include what

Photosynthesis and human activities such as burning

Continuously moves between the ocean, the atmosphere, and land-sometimes outside living organisms and sometimes inside them

Water

The cell theory states

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

How does light microscopes work?

They use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons. Light microscopes allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

Makes it possible to explore cell structure and large protein molecules. But because beams of electrons can only pass through thin samples, cells and tissues must be cut into ultra think slices to be examined. Produces flat and two dimensional images

Transmission electron microscope

A pencil like beam of electrons is scanned over the surface of specimen. Samples do not have to be cut. Produces stunning three-dimensional images of the specimens surface

Scanning electron microscope

Are cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei. Separates their genetic material within a nucleus

Eukaryotes

Are cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei. They do not separate their genetic material within the nucleus

Prokaryotes

A thin, flexible barrier, composed of a phospholipid bilayer. It's how you get material in and out of the cell

Cell membrane

Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions

Nucleus

Stores material within the cell

Vacuoles

Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

Lysosomes

Provides support for the cell, has two "sub parts"

Cytoskeleton

Small hair-like structures used for movements or sensing things

Microfilaments

Consist of hollow tubes which provides support for the cell

Microtubules

Small bumps located on portions of the Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has ribosomes attached to it

Rough ER

Does not have ribosomes attached to it

Smooth ER

Packages protein for transport out of the cell

Golgi apparatus

Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plant their green color

Chloroplast

Produces usable form of energy for the cell

Mitochondrion

Site where ribosomes are made

Nucleolus

Carries the cells genetic

Chromosomes

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

Passive Transport

Example of passive transport

Going down a hill

Movement of solutes, in and out of the cells, through the cell membrane until equilibrium is reached

Simple Diffusion

Diffusion of solute through the cell membrane from high to low concentration with the assistance of a carrier protein

Facilitated Diffusion

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

Examples of Passive Transport

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

The movement of materials against a concentration difference. Requires energy

Active transport

Example of active transport

Going up a hill

Moves through the membrane through the use of a vesicle. Cell wraps around bacteria and releases it waste

Endocytosis

Same as endocytosis only with liquid

Pinocytosis

Same as endocytosis only with solids

Fagocytosis

Examples of active transport

Endocytosis, pinocytosis, fagocytosis

Amount of solutes in or out of cell. Concentration of dissolved solute is equal outside the cell compared to inside the cell. Human red blood cells prefer this environment

Isotonic

The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. Causes cells to shrink (dehydrate). Plants wilt. Crenation-red blood cells

Hypertonic

The concentration of dissolved solute is less outside the cell compared to inside. creates turgor pressure which is preferred by plants, it could lead to destruction of the cell

Hypotonic

Uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactant) into high-energy sugars and oxygen (product)

Photosynthesis

Uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

Light dependent reaction

ATP and NADPH form the light-dependent are used to produce high-energy sugars

Light-independent reactions

Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the 3 carbon molecules to higher-energy forms. Two of these 3 carbon molecules are removed from the cycle to produce this, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds

Sugar production

It is the process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy that all organisms can use directly or indirectly to carry out life functions

Overall process of photosynthesis