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Biology 9 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Light

A

Photo

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1
Q

process that converts sunlight into chemical energy. Using light to put something together. Plants use it to make sugar

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Putting together

A

Synthesis

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3
Q

all living things have to require this, without it they would not survive

A

Energy

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4
Q

Why are plants autotrophs?

A

Because they can make their own food

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5
Q

Producing energy, that comes in the form of

A

ATP

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6
Q

one of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy. Most common fuel supply

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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7
Q

Why don’t use glucose?

A

Because glucose has more energy then a single organism could ever use

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8
Q

every time you release energy you release what?

A

Heat

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9
Q

is a compound that looks like ATP, expect it has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3. This difference is the key way in which living things store energy

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

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10
Q

Example of ADP

A

Rechargeable battery

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11
Q

ATP can easily release and store energy by doing what?

A

By breaking down and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells

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12
Q

The energy in ATP is found where?

A

Is in the bond between the second and third phosphate

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13
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A

To reproduce new cells and for active transport

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14
Q

ATP can be used to do what?

A

To produce light

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15
Q

have a small amount of ATP because even though ATP is a great molecule for transferring energy, it is not good for storing large amount of energy for a long time

A

Cells

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16
Q

cells can regenerate ATP and ADP by doing what?

A

Using energy in foods like glucose

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17
Q

animals that get their food by eating other organisms. They don’t make your own energy

A

Heterotrophs

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18
Q

Examples of Heterotrophs

A

Horses, humans, cheetah, and firefly

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19
Q

organisms that make their own food

A

Autotrophs

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20
Q

Example of Autotrophs

A

Plants

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21
Q

Do we use energy in protein synthesis?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplast

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23
Q

plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules. Green is not the only color pigment, there are many other colors

A

Pigment

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24
Q

photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with what?

A

Pigment

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25
Q

the plants principle pigment. Give plants their green color. Found in clusters

A

Chlorophyll

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26
Q

There are two types of Chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

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27
Q

where photosynthesis occurs. Are interconnected and arranged stacks known as granum

A

Thylakoid

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28
Q

the fluid portion of the chloroplast

A

Stroma

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29
Q

connects granum together

A

Stroma Lamella

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30
Q

chlorophyll absorbs what

A

Visible light. When it absorbs light, a large fraction of that light energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule

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31
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Plants use carbon dioxide+water=sugar+oxygen

32
Q

Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O–>C6H12O6 +6O

33
Q

Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis in words

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water–> Sugars+Oxygen

34
Q

Sugar is what?

Oxygen is what?

A

Sugar=product

Oxygen=byproduct

35
Q

anything produce in the course of making another thing

A

By product

36
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages

A

Light dependent and Light independent

37
Q

light reaction. Requires the direct involvement of light and light absorbing pigments. Use energy from the sunlight to produce energy-rich compounds (ATP)
First Step: when ATP/NADPH is made

A

Light Dependent

38
Q

Light Dependent takes place where

A

In the thylakoid membrane

39
Q

electron carrier molecule; carries it in a form of a hydrogen molecule

A

NADPH

40
Q

Calvin Cycle. Is used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide
Second/Final Step: when the sugar/oxygen is made

A

Light independent

41
Q

plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contains to build stable high-energy carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time

A

Calvin Cycle

42
Q

Where does light independent occurs where?

A

Stroma

43
Q

accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion. This converts NADP to NADPH

A

NADP

44
Q

can carry the high-energy electrions that were produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions in the cell

A

NADPH

45
Q

are chlorophyll found in clusters. It is where light is absorbed

A

Photosystem

46
Q

electron transport system

A

ETS

47
Q

embedded protein that make up ETS

A

Cytochrome

48
Q

thylakoid membrane contains a protein. it spans the membrane and allows H ions to pass through it

A

ATP Synthase

49
Q

General structure is found where?

A

Cytoplasm

50
Q

Named the Calvin Cycle after him

A

Melvin Cycle

51
Q

combines with carbon dioxides and becomes a 6 carbon molecule, which splits into 2-PGA

A

RUBP

52
Q

phosphoglyerate

A

PGA

53
Q

phophoglyeraldehyd

A

G3P

54
Q

Whats the differs between PGA and G3P?

A

What’s attached to it

55
Q

prevents water from escaping

A

Cuticle

56
Q

the space in between the upper and lower epidermis. Aids in the gas exchange

A

Mesophyll

57
Q

Contains chloroplast and the main cells that carry out photosynthesis

A

Palisade Cell

58
Q

Major site of photosynthesis

A

Spongy Layer

59
Q

carries water and nutrients from the plant

A

Xylem

60
Q

carries products of photosynthesis

A

Phloem

61
Q

covers up the xylem and phloem

A

Vascular Bundle

62
Q

What’s the end result of the Clavin Cycle?

A

Sugar

63
Q

What molecule is used to make sugar?

A

Carbon Dioxide

64
Q

What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, Light, Water

65
Q

When it’s above or below may affect those enzymes, slowing down the rate of photosynthesis

A

Temperature

66
Q

high light intensity reaches a certain level, however the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis

A

Light

67
Q

is one raw material of photosynthesis, a shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis

A

Water

68
Q

have a specialized chemical pathway that allows them to capture even very low levels of carbon dioxide and pass it to the Calvin cycle. The name comes from the fact that the first compound formed in this pathways contains 4 carbon atoms

A

C4 Plants

69
Q

Examples of C4 Plants

A

Corn, Sugar cane, and sorghum

70
Q

plants adapted to dry climates use a different strategy to obtain carbon dioxide while minimizing water loss. Admit air into their leaves only at night

A

CAM Plant

71
Q

Examples of CAM Plant

A

Cacti, pineapple, ice plants

72
Q

This trapping at night prevents water loss

A

CO2

73
Q

Where does the Carbon Dioxide come from?

A

From the air, people coughing, animals, the burning of fossil fuels

74
Q

during the day they produce sugar by photosynthesis and at night the process is reversed and stomate closes

A

Guard cells

75
Q

allows carbon dioxide into the leaf. transpiration is the loss of water a leaf

A

Stomate

76
Q

allow light to pass through and prevents water loss

A

Upper epidermis

77
Q

prevents transportation

Transpiration: lose of water

A

Lower Epidermis

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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