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Biology 9 > Chapter 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Two monomer subunits bonded together

A

Disaccharides

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1
Q

Monosaccharides. Simple sugar. One submit

A

Monomer

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2
Q

Polysaccharide. Many sugar subunits. Example: starch

A

Polymer

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3
Q

Are broken down into monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides and disaccharides

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4
Q

Used as a source of energy for cells

A

Carbohydrate

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5
Q

Found in plants-stores glucose. Plants store excess sugar in this form. Important nutritional source for humans: potato, bread, rice, pasta

A

Starch (polysaccharide)

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6
Q

Found in liver and muscle cells of animals, energy storage. Animals, including human store their excess sugar in the form

A

Glycogen (polysaccharide)

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7
Q

Found in plants (cell wall). Provide structure , support and rigidity for plants. Common in wood, paper products

A

Cellulose (polysaccharide)

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8
Q

Cell wall of fungi. Exoskeleton

A

Chitin (polysaccharide)

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9
Q

Lipids contain the elements

A

C, H, O

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10
Q

Lipids are mostly

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic-insoluble in water

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11
Q

Lipids include

A

Fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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12
Q

Most common elements are

A

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

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13
Q

Organic compounds contain what

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

Organic compounds tend to be

A

Large molecules (made up of a lot of atoms), complex

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15
Q

Are the primary compounds that make up the working of living things

A

Organic compound

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16
Q

What’s so special about carbon?

A

Readily forms covalent bonds with other atoms that are strong and stable

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates function?

A

Quick energy, energy storage in plants, energy storage in animals, and structural compounds for support

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18
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Energy storage (animal and plants), insulation (keeping animals warm and blubber), waterproofing (keeping duck feathers dry), shock (absorption/protection of organs), steroids (estrogen and testosterone)

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19
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Glyercol+3 fatty acids

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20
Q

A connector. Is the second monomer found in lipids. There is only one type of _____molecule, so every fat has one identical ____monomer. It is the different types of fatty acids that differentiate one triglyceride from another

A

Glyercol

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21
Q

The most important part in the structure of a lipid

A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

Why are fatty acids important in the structure of lipids?

A

They are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and they are packed with energy and great energy storage

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23
Q

Why are lipids efficient energy storages

A

Because there are so many C-H bonds in fatty acids, some plants use oil for energy storage

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24
When each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Causes fatty acids to be very straight. Are packed very close together, are solid at room temperature. Examples butter and lard
Saturated Fats
25
A fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead of to hydrogen atoms. Causes fatty acids to bend. Not very packed together, liquid at room temperature. Example: oils
Unsaturated fats
26
Lipids that make up the cell membrane. Regulate the movement of water and nutrients across the cell membrane. Phosphate head: hydrophilic. Lipid tails: hydrophobic. Collectively called: phospholipid bilayer
Phopholipids
27
Contained four fused carbon rings
Steroids
28
Essential for cell membrane structure, used to derive other steroids. Found in the cell membrane of animal cells. Produced naturally by the human body. We obtain it from our diet
Cholesterol
29
Used as signaling molecules
Hormones
30
What is the structure of carbohydrates
CH2O
31
Fructose structure
C5H10O5
32
Glucose
C6H12O6
33
Low molecular weight, soluble in water, sweet to taste
Saccharides
34
High molecular weight, insoluble in water, tasteless
Polysaccharide
35
The sugar found in beer
Maltose
36
Sugar found in milk
Lactose
37
Monosaccharides bond together through dehydration sythesis. The bond between them is covalent and is called a glycosidic linkage
Bonding
38
Essential elements that make up the body
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Sulfur
39
Table sugar
Sucrose
40
The removal of water
Dehydration Synthesis
41
The process that separates a disaccharide or polysaccharide into individual monosaccharide units
Hydrolysis
42
Examples of Monomers
Glucose Galactose Fructose
43
Examples of Disaccharides
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
44
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
45
Lipids making up the cell membrane. Regulates the movement of water and nutrients across the cell membrane
Phospholipids
46
Phosphate head
Hydrophilic
47
Lipid tails
Hydrophobic
48
Protein contains which elements
C, H, O , and Nitrogen
49
There are how many amino acids in living things and how are they different?
There are 20 amino acids in living things. They are different by the R group
50
2 amino acids joined together as a result of dehydration
Dipeptide
51
3 or more amino acids linked together
Polypeptide
52
Many polypeptides linked together form _____
Proteins
53
Functions of Proteins
Imbedded in the cell membrane and help transport substance across the cell membrane. Facilitate chemical reactions in the body by increasing the rate in which they occur
54
Fastens the activation energy
Catalysts
55
Important proteins in the body
Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, antibodies
56
Carries oxygen in the RBC's
Hemoglobin
57
Carries sugar into the cells
Insulin
58
Makes up hair, nails, bones, and skin
Keratin
59
helps fight infection
Antibodies
60
Important proteins that are necessary for chemical reactions to occur in living things
Enzymes
61
Enzymes are _______
Catalyst
62
Extremely sensitive to temperature and ph....leads to denatured _____
Proteins
63
If enzymes are denatured it loses it's what
Function
64
Enzymes structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
65
Nucleic Acids contain which elements
C, H, O, N, P
66
Types of Nucleic Acid
RNA and DNA
67
Large Nucleic Acids consisting of millions of linked nucleotides. Stores the instructions for protein synthesis. Contains all our genetic information. Housed in the nucleus of very cell (expect RBC's)
DNA
68
Large Nucleic Acid. Contains the information for protein synthesis. Carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs
RNA
69
DNA's sugar
deoxyribose
70
DNA nitrogenous bases
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
71
DNA's structure
Double helix
72
RNA's sugar
Ribose
73
RNA's nitrogenous base
Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
74
RNA's structure
Single helix
75
Amino acids bond to each other through dehydration synthesis. The bond between them is covalent
Peptide Bond
76
phosphate bonds (phosphodiester linkages) hold one nucleotide to the next in a single strand. They are covalent bonds and are very strong. This bond is formed by dehydration synthesis (DNA and RNA)
Sugar
77
found between the two strands of a DNA molecule. They are weak bonds that connect one strand of DNA to the other and are found between the polar nitrogen bases of complementary nucleotides.
Hydrogen Bonds
78
Nucleic Acid Function
Tell how the cell how to function and transmit genetic information to offspring
79
Nucleic Acid Structure
Sugar, Phosphate, base
80
Structure of Amino Acid
Central Carbon, attached H, amino group NH2, carboxylic acid group COOH, R group variable
81
Nucleic Acid monomer
Nucleotides
82
Proteins monomer
Amino Acid
83
are involved in the process of passing genetic information from one generation to the next (heredity) and the expression of that information through the production of proteins (protein synthesis)
DNA and RNA
84
This term refers to the shape of the protein
Conformation
85
The function of a protein depends on its ________
Shape
86
Protein falls into two main categories
Structural and Functional Protein
87
ex. proteins in the cell membrane, melanin (the pigment in our skin)
Structural Protein
88
ex. Enzymes: lactase which helps digest the sugar lactose
Functional Protein
89
Lipids have 3 categories
Triglyceride, cholesterol, phopholipids
90
adipose (fat tissue), waxes, oils
Triglyceride
91
Are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules
Macromolecules

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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