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Biology 9 > Chapter 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Two monomer subunits bonded together

A

Disaccharides

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1
Q

Monosaccharides. Simple sugar. One submit

A

Monomer

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2
Q

Polysaccharide. Many sugar subunits. Example: starch

A

Polymer

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3
Q

Are broken down into monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides and disaccharides

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4
Q

Used as a source of energy for cells

A

Carbohydrate

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5
Q

Found in plants-stores glucose. Plants store excess sugar in this form. Important nutritional source for humans: potato, bread, rice, pasta

A

Starch (polysaccharide)

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6
Q

Found in liver and muscle cells of animals, energy storage. Animals, including human store their excess sugar in the form

A

Glycogen (polysaccharide)

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7
Q

Found in plants (cell wall). Provide structure , support and rigidity for plants. Common in wood, paper products

A

Cellulose (polysaccharide)

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8
Q

Cell wall of fungi. Exoskeleton

A

Chitin (polysaccharide)

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9
Q

Lipids contain the elements

A

C, H, O

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10
Q

Lipids are mostly

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic-insoluble in water

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11
Q

Lipids include

A

Fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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12
Q

Most common elements are

A

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

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13
Q

Organic compounds contain what

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

Organic compounds tend to be

A

Large molecules (made up of a lot of atoms), complex

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15
Q

Are the primary compounds that make up the working of living things

A

Organic compound

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16
Q

What’s so special about carbon?

A

Readily forms covalent bonds with other atoms that are strong and stable

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates function?

A

Quick energy, energy storage in plants, energy storage in animals, and structural compounds for support

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18
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Energy storage (animal and plants), insulation (keeping animals warm and blubber), waterproofing (keeping duck feathers dry), shock (absorption/protection of organs), steroids (estrogen and testosterone)

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19
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Glyercol+3 fatty acids

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20
Q

A connector. Is the second monomer found in lipids. There is only one type of _____molecule, so every fat has one identical ____monomer. It is the different types of fatty acids that differentiate one triglyceride from another

A

Glyercol

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21
Q

The most important part in the structure of a lipid

A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

Why are fatty acids important in the structure of lipids?

A

They are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and they are packed with energy and great energy storage

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23
Q

Why are lipids efficient energy storages

A

Because there are so many C-H bonds in fatty acids, some plants use oil for energy storage

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24
Q

When each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Causes fatty acids to be very straight. Are packed very close together, are solid at room temperature. Examples butter and lard

A

Saturated Fats

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25
Q

A fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead of to hydrogen atoms. Causes fatty acids to bend. Not very packed together, liquid at room temperature. Example: oils

A

Unsaturated fats

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26
Q

Lipids that make up the cell membrane. Regulate the movement of water and nutrients across the cell membrane. Phosphate head: hydrophilic. Lipid tails: hydrophobic. Collectively called: phospholipid bilayer

A

Phopholipids

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27
Q

Contained four fused carbon rings

A

Steroids

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28
Q

Essential for cell membrane structure, used to derive other steroids. Found in the cell membrane of animal cells. Produced naturally by the human body. We obtain it from our diet

A

Cholesterol

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29
Q

Used as signaling molecules

A

Hormones

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30
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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31
Q

Fructose structure

A

C5H10O5

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32
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6

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33
Q

Low molecular weight, soluble in water, sweet to taste

A

Saccharides

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34
Q

High molecular weight, insoluble in water, tasteless

A

Polysaccharide

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35
Q

The sugar found in beer

A

Maltose

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36
Q

Sugar found in milk

A

Lactose

37
Q

Monosaccharides bond together through dehydration sythesis. The bond between them is covalent and is called a glycosidic linkage

A

Bonding

38
Q

Essential elements that make up the body

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Sulfur

39
Q

Table sugar

A

Sucrose

40
Q

The removal of water

A

Dehydration Synthesis

41
Q

The process that separates a disaccharide or polysaccharide into individual monosaccharide units

A

Hydrolysis

42
Q

Examples of Monomers

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

43
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

44
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

45
Q

Lipids making up the cell membrane. Regulates the movement of water and nutrients across the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

46
Q

Phosphate head

A

Hydrophilic

47
Q

Lipid tails

A

Hydrophobic

48
Q

Protein contains which elements

A

C, H, O , and Nitrogen

49
Q

There are how many amino acids in living things and how are they different?

A

There are 20 amino acids in living things. They are different by the R group

50
Q

2 amino acids joined together as a result of dehydration

A

Dipeptide

51
Q

3 or more amino acids linked together

A

Polypeptide

52
Q

Many polypeptides linked together form _____

A

Proteins

53
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

Imbedded in the cell membrane and help transport substance across the cell membrane. Facilitate chemical reactions in the body by increasing the rate in which they occur

54
Q

Fastens the activation energy

A

Catalysts

55
Q

Important proteins in the body

A

Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, antibodies

56
Q

Carries oxygen in the RBC’s

A

Hemoglobin

57
Q

Carries sugar into the cells

A

Insulin

58
Q

Makes up hair, nails, bones, and skin

A

Keratin

59
Q

helps fight infection

A

Antibodies

60
Q

Important proteins that are necessary for chemical reactions to occur in living things

A

Enzymes

61
Q

Enzymes are _______

A

Catalyst

62
Q

Extremely sensitive to temperature and ph….leads to denatured _____

A

Proteins

63
Q

If enzymes are denatured it loses it’s what

A

Function

64
Q

Enzymes structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

65
Q

Nucleic Acids contain which elements

A

C, H, O, N, P

66
Q

Types of Nucleic Acid

A

RNA and DNA

67
Q

Large Nucleic Acids consisting of millions of linked nucleotides. Stores the instructions for protein synthesis. Contains all our genetic information. Housed in the nucleus of very cell (expect RBC’s)

A

DNA

68
Q

Large Nucleic Acid. Contains the information for protein synthesis. Carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs

A

RNA

69
Q

DNA’s sugar

A

deoxyribose

70
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

71
Q

DNA’s structure

A

Double helix

72
Q

RNA’s sugar

A

Ribose

73
Q

RNA’s nitrogenous base

A

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

74
Q

RNA’s structure

A

Single helix

75
Q

Amino acids bond to each other through dehydration synthesis. The bond between them is covalent

A

Peptide Bond

76
Q

phosphate bonds (phosphodiester linkages) hold one nucleotide to the next in a single strand. They are covalent bonds and are very strong. This bond is formed by dehydration synthesis (DNA and RNA)

A

Sugar

77
Q

found between the two strands of a DNA molecule. They are weak bonds that connect one strand of DNA to the other and are found between the polar nitrogen bases of complementary nucleotides.

A

Hydrogen Bonds

78
Q

Nucleic Acid Function

A

Tell how the cell how to function and transmit genetic information to offspring

79
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A

Sugar, Phosphate, base

80
Q

Structure of Amino Acid

A

Central Carbon, attached H, amino group NH2, carboxylic acid group COOH, R group variable

81
Q

Nucleic Acid monomer

A

Nucleotides

82
Q

Proteins monomer

A

Amino Acid

83
Q

are involved in the process of passing genetic information from one generation to the next (heredity) and the expression of that information through the production of proteins (protein synthesis)

A

DNA and RNA

84
Q

This term refers to the shape of the protein

A

Conformation

85
Q

The function of a protein depends on its ________

A

Shape

86
Q

Protein falls into two main categories

A

Structural and Functional Protein

87
Q

ex. proteins in the cell membrane, melanin (the pigment in our skin)

A

Structural Protein

88
Q

ex. Enzymes: lactase which helps digest the sugar lactose

A

Functional Protein

89
Q

Lipids have 3 categories

A

Triglyceride, cholesterol, phopholipids

90
Q

adipose (fat tissue), waxes, oils

A

Triglyceride

91
Q

Are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules

A

Macromolecules

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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