Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
How many types of RNA
A
3
2
Q
messenger
Carrier of DNA
Has the message of how to make protein
A
mRNA
3
Q
ribosomal
Part of the protein that makes up the ribosomes
A
rRNA
4
Q
the site where protein synthesis occurs
A
Ribosomes
5
Q
transfer
Puts the amino acids into the correct sequences (brings them to ribosomes)
A
tRNA
6
Q
What’s the difference between DNA and RNA
A
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is generally single stranded and not double stranded. RNA contains uracil in a place of thymine.
7
Q
What is RNA main function
A
Protein Synthesis
8
Q
Protein Synthesis occurs in how many stages
A
2 stages. Each stage is split up in 3
9
Q
The removal of Introns and the recombining of Exons
A
RNASplicing
10
Q
non coded regions of DNA
A
Introns
11
Q
removes Introns
A
Spliceosome
12
Q
coded regions of DNA
A
Exons
13
Q
Methyl Guanine
A
MgCap
14
Q
Long Chain of Adenine
A
PonyAtail
15
Q
Protect the edges of RNA
A
MgCap and PonyAtail
16
Q
each triplet found in mRNA
Represents specific amino acids
A
Condon
17
Q
methionine
Found in every single protein
Starts Codon
A
AUG
18
Q
each triplet found in tRNA
A
Anti-Condon
19
Q
a copy of DNA that can be taken out of the nucleus and used to make proteins
Disposable copy of DNA
A
RNA
20
Q
any change to the genetic information in DNA or RNA
Involves change in one or two nucleotides
A
Mutation
21
Q
List the three type of gene mutation
A
Substitution, insertion, deletion
22
Q
Affects 1 amino acid sometimes has no change at all
A
Substitution
23
Q
One of the bases is added
A
Insertion
24
Q
One of the bases is deleted
Involves the loss of the all or part of the chromosome
A
Deletion
25
Insertion and Deletion are _____________ because they change the entire order
Frameshift Mutation
26
a mutation that involves the number or structure of chromosomes
Can change the location of genes on chromosomes and can even change the number of copies of genes
Chromosomal Mutation
27
List the type of chromosomal mutation
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
28
Produces an extra copy of all or part of chromosome
Duplication
29
Reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome
Inversion
30
Occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
Translocation
31
True/False: The resulting of mutations may or may not affect an organism. Some mutation that affect individual organisms can affect individual organisms can also affect a species or an entire ecosystem
Example: Down-syndrome
True
32
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external factor (environmental factors) that causes mutation
Example: UV Rays, Tobacco, X-Rays, Pesticides
```
Mutagen
33
Tobacco and pesticides
Chemical Mutagen
34
UV Rays
| X-Rays
Physical Mutagen
35
Harmful effects on mutation
Sickle Cell Disease and Cancer
36
Is a disorder associated with changes in the shape of red blood cells
It is caused by a point mutation in one of the polypeptides found in hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Disease
37
the bloods principal oxygen-carrying protein
Hemoglobin
38
Disease where cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells
Cancer
39
cancerous Tumors
Malignant
40
noncancerous Tumors
Benign
41
Beneficial Effects of Mutations
Allows the organism to live better and polyploidy
42
having an extra set of chromosomes
| Example: citrus, bananas
Polyploidy
43
is a group of genes that are regulated together
Operon
44
is a compound made up of two simple sugars, galactose, and glucose
Lactose
45
site where RNA-Polymerase can bind to begin transcription
Promoter
46
is where a DNA-binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind into DNA
Operator
47
What's the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell mutation
Eukaryotic Cells have cell specialization
48
requires genetic specialization, yet all of the cells in a multicellular organism carry the same genetic code in their nucleus
Complex Gene regulation in eukaryotes is what make it special
Cell Specialization
49
microRNA
MiRNA
50
Are proteins that are made by joining amino acids together into long chains
Polypeptides
51
Influences the shape of the protein, which in turn determines the function
The sequence of amino acids
52
Is read three "letters" at the time so that each "word' is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid
Genetic code
53
Use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains
Ribosomes
54
Decoding of an mRNA message into a protein
Translation
55
How are codon read?
3 letter at a time in the same direction
56
Gene mutation that involves changes in one or a few nucleotides. Is known because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence
Point Mutation
57
Mutated codon codes for the same amino acid
Point Mutation: Silent
58
Mutated codon codes for different amino acid
Point Mutation: missense
59
Mutated codon is a premature stop codon
Point Mutation: Nonsense
60
Blocks transcription
Lac repressor
61
Turn the operon "on"
Lactose
62
Binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by making a point just before the beginning of a gene
TATA Box
63
Holds the promise of allowing medical scientists to turn off the expression of genes from viruses and cancer cells
RNAI
64
How are Homeobox genes expressed?
Are expressed in certain regions of the body, and they determine factors like the presence of wings or legs
65
A group of Homeobox genes that are located side by side in a single cluster. Determine the identities of each segment of a fly's body. Are arranged in the exact order in which they are expressed, from anterior to posterior. Are arranged from head to tail
Hox genes
66
Genes that control development. Are like switches that trigger particulate patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues
Master Control Genes
67
In prokaryotic cells what are the environmental conditions?
Temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability
68
Involves series of transformation from one life stage to another. It is typically regulated by a number of external and internal factors
Metamorphosis
69
In mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template
The sequence of bases
70
In eukaryotes, RNA is formed where?
In the nucleus and then travels to the cytoplasm
71
Bonds to DNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
72
What's the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription: RNA is produced from DNA template
Translation: RNA is read into polypeptide chains.
In a eukaryotic cell, transcription goes in the nucleus and translation is carried by ribosomes
73
Describe the role of rRNA during translation
Help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beginning of mRNA message
74
The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in the
Genes
75
The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from
DNA to RNA to protein
76
An exception to the central dogma is
The ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNA
77
The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are all involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells
Gene Expression
78
All organisms are mostly the same in
The molecular biology of their genes
79
Why are pea plants and human beings different?
Both contain different DNA. Their proteins form different structures and functions
80
The cellular machinery that replicates DNA inserts an incorrect base
Roughly once in every 10 million years
81
Small changes in genes
Gradually accumulate over time
82
What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen?
The DNA base sequence changes permanently
83
Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they
Are a source of genetic variability
84
How do prokaryotes converse energy?
Regulate their activities, using only those genes necessary for the cell to function
85
How do DNA-binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes?
By controlling transcription
86
What is in the lac Operon in e. Coli?
Three lactose genes
87
What is the function of the genes in the lac operon of e. Coli?
To transcribe genes and produce proteins
88
How does the repressor protein turn off the lac operon?
Prevents the transcription of its genes
89
How does lactose turn on the lac operon?
When lactose is added to the medium, it diffuse into the cell and attaches to the lac operon
90
Binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene
TATA box
91
DNA binding proteins and controls the expression of genes
Transcription factors
92
How does gene regulation make cell specialization possible?
Complex gene regulation
93
As an embryo develops, different sets of genes are regulated by
Transcription factors and repressors
94
The process through which cells become specialized in structure and function
Differentiation
95
What role do Homeobox genes play in cell differentiation?
They code for transcription factors that activate other genes important in cell development and differentiation
96
Clusters of Hox genes are found in
Nearly all animals
97
Are master control genes that regulate organs that develop in specific parts of the body
Homeotic Genes
98
Share a similar 130-base DNA sequence. They code for transcription factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development and differentiation in certain regions of the body
Homeobox Genes
99
Are group of Homeobox genes that tell the cells of the body to differentiate as the body grows
Hox Genes
