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Biology 9 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many types of RNA

A

3

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2
Q

messenger
Carrier of DNA
Has the message of how to make protein

A

mRNA

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3
Q

ribosomal

Part of the protein that makes up the ribosomes

A

rRNA

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4
Q

the site where protein synthesis occurs

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

transfer

Puts the amino acids into the correct sequences (brings them to ribosomes)

A

tRNA

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6
Q

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA

A

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is generally single stranded and not double stranded. RNA contains uracil in a place of thymine.

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7
Q

What is RNA main function

A

Protein Synthesis

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8
Q

Protein Synthesis occurs in how many stages

A

2 stages. Each stage is split up in 3

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9
Q

The removal of Introns and the recombining of Exons

A

RNASplicing

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10
Q

non coded regions of DNA

A

Introns

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11
Q

removes Introns

A

Spliceosome

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12
Q

coded regions of DNA

A

Exons

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13
Q

Methyl Guanine

A

MgCap

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14
Q

Long Chain of Adenine

A

PonyAtail

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15
Q

Protect the edges of RNA

A

MgCap and PonyAtail

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16
Q

each triplet found in mRNA

Represents specific amino acids

A

Condon

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17
Q

methionine
Found in every single protein
Starts Codon

A

AUG

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18
Q

each triplet found in tRNA

A

Anti-Condon

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19
Q

a copy of DNA that can be taken out of the nucleus and used to make proteins
Disposable copy of DNA

A

RNA

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20
Q

any change to the genetic information in DNA or RNA

Involves change in one or two nucleotides

A

Mutation

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21
Q

List the three type of gene mutation

A

Substitution, insertion, deletion

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22
Q

Affects 1 amino acid sometimes has no change at all

A

Substitution

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23
Q

One of the bases is added

A

Insertion

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24
Q

One of the bases is deleted

Involves the loss of the all or part of the chromosome

A

Deletion

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25
Q

Insertion and Deletion are _____________ because they change the entire order

A

Frameshift Mutation

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26
Q

a mutation that involves the number or structure of chromosomes
Can change the location of genes on chromosomes and can even change the number of copies of genes

A

Chromosomal Mutation

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27
Q

List the type of chromosomal mutation

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

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28
Q

Produces an extra copy of all or part of chromosome

A

Duplication

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29
Q

Reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

A

Inversion

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30
Q

Occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

A

Translocation

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31
Q

True/False: The resulting of mutations may or may not affect an organism. Some mutation that affect individual organisms can affect individual organisms can also affect a species or an entire ecosystem
Example: Down-syndrome

A

True

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32
Q 
external factor (environmental factors) that causes mutation 
Example: UV Rays, Tobacco, X-Rays, Pesticides
A

Mutagen

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33
Q

Tobacco and pesticides

A

Chemical Mutagen

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34
Q

UV Rays

X-Rays

A

Physical Mutagen

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35
Q

Harmful effects on mutation

A

Sickle Cell Disease and Cancer

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36
Q

Is a disorder associated with changes in the shape of red blood cells
It is caused by a point mutation in one of the polypeptides found in hemoglobin

A

Sickle Cell Disease

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37
Q

the bloods principal oxygen-carrying protein

A

Hemoglobin

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38
Q

Disease where cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells

A

Cancer

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39
Q

cancerous Tumors

A

Malignant

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40
Q

noncancerous Tumors

A

Benign

41
Q

Beneficial Effects of Mutations

A

Allows the organism to live better and polyploidy

42
Q

having an extra set of chromosomes

Example: citrus, bananas

A

Polyploidy

43
Q

is a group of genes that are regulated together

A

Operon

44
Q

is a compound made up of two simple sugars, galactose, and glucose

A

Lactose

45
Q

site where RNA-Polymerase can bind to begin transcription

A

Promoter

46
Q

is where a DNA-binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind into DNA

A

Operator

47
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell mutation

A

Eukaryotic Cells have cell specialization

48
Q

requires genetic specialization, yet all of the cells in a multicellular organism carry the same genetic code in their nucleus
Complex Gene regulation in eukaryotes is what make it special

A

Cell Specialization

49
Q

microRNA

A

MiRNA

50
Q

Are proteins that are made by joining amino acids together into long chains

A

Polypeptides

51
Q

Influences the shape of the protein, which in turn determines the function

A

The sequence of amino acids

52
Q

Is read three “letters” at the time so that each “word’ is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid

A

Genetic code

53
Q

Use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

Decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

A

Translation

55
Q

How are codon read?

A

3 letter at a time in the same direction

56
Q

Gene mutation that involves changes in one or a few nucleotides. Is known because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

A

Point Mutation

57
Q

Mutated codon codes for the same amino acid

A

Point Mutation: Silent

58
Q

Mutated codon codes for different amino acid

A

Point Mutation: missense

59
Q

Mutated codon is a premature stop codon

A

Point Mutation: Nonsense

60
Q

Blocks transcription

A

Lac repressor

61
Q

Turn the operon “on”

A

Lactose

62
Q

Binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by making a point just before the beginning of a gene

A

TATA Box

63
Q

Holds the promise of allowing medical scientists to turn off the expression of genes from viruses and cancer cells

A

RNAI

64
Q

How are Homeobox genes expressed?

A

Are expressed in certain regions of the body, and they determine factors like the presence of wings or legs

65
Q

A group of Homeobox genes that are located side by side in a single cluster. Determine the identities of each segment of a fly’s body. Are arranged in the exact order in which they are expressed, from anterior to posterior. Are arranged from head to tail

A

Hox genes

66
Q

Genes that control development. Are like switches that trigger particulate patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues

A

Master Control Genes

67
Q

In prokaryotic cells what are the environmental conditions?

A

Temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability

68
Q

Involves series of transformation from one life stage to another. It is typically regulated by a number of external and internal factors

A

Metamorphosis

69
Q

In mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template

A

The sequence of bases

70
Q

In eukaryotes, RNA is formed where?

A

In the nucleus and then travels to the cytoplasm

71
Q

Bonds to DNA during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

72
Q

What’s the difference between transcription and translation?

A

Transcription: RNA is produced from DNA template
Translation: RNA is read into polypeptide chains.
In a eukaryotic cell, transcription goes in the nucleus and translation is carried by ribosomes

73
Q

Describe the role of rRNA during translation

A

Help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beginning of mRNA message

74
Q

The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in the

A

Genes

75
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from

A

DNA to RNA to protein

76
Q

An exception to the central dogma is

A

The ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNA

77
Q

The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are all involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells

A

Gene Expression

78
Q

All organisms are mostly the same in

A

The molecular biology of their genes

79
Q

Why are pea plants and human beings different?

A

Both contain different DNA. Their proteins form different structures and functions

80
Q

The cellular machinery that replicates DNA inserts an incorrect base

A

Roughly once in every 10 million years

81
Q

Small changes in genes

A

Gradually accumulate over time

82
Q

What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen?

A

The DNA base sequence changes permanently

83
Q

Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they

A

Are a source of genetic variability

84
Q

How do prokaryotes converse energy?

A

Regulate their activities, using only those genes necessary for the cell to function

85
Q

How do DNA-binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes?

A

By controlling transcription

86
Q

What is in the lac Operon in e. Coli?

A

Three lactose genes

87
Q

What is the function of the genes in the lac operon of e. Coli?

A

To transcribe genes and produce proteins

88
Q

How does the repressor protein turn off the lac operon?

A

Prevents the transcription of its genes

89
Q

How does lactose turn on the lac operon?

A

When lactose is added to the medium, it diffuse into the cell and attaches to the lac operon

90
Q

Binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene

A

TATA box

91
Q

DNA binding proteins and controls the expression of genes

A

Transcription factors

92
Q

How does gene regulation make cell specialization possible?

A

Complex gene regulation

93
Q

As an embryo develops, different sets of genes are regulated by

A

Transcription factors and repressors

94
Q

The process through which cells become specialized in structure and function

A

Differentiation

95
Q

What role do Homeobox genes play in cell differentiation?

A

They code for transcription factors that activate other genes important in cell development and differentiation

96
Q

Clusters of Hox genes are found in

A

Nearly all animals

97
Q

Are master control genes that regulate organs that develop in specific parts of the body

A

Homeotic Genes

98
Q

Share a similar 130-base DNA sequence. They code for transcription factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development and differentiation in certain regions of the body

A

Homeobox Genes

99
Q

Are group of Homeobox genes that tell the cells of the body to differentiate as the body grows

A

Hox Genes

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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