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Biology 9 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Were actually two different varieties, of the same bacterial species

A

Strains

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1
Q

British scientist. Was trying to figure out how bacteria makes people sick. Had isolated two very similar types of bacteria from mice

A

Frederick Griffith

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2
Q

Grew into smooth colonies on culture plates, the disease-causing bacteria

A

S Strain

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3
Q

Produced colonies with rough edges, harmless bacteria

A

R Strain

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4
Q

Griffith injected mice with the disease causing bacteria. What happened to the mice

A

Developed pneumonia and died

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5
Q

Griffith injected the mice with the harmless bacteria. What happened to the mice

A

Stayed healthy

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6
Q

To figure out if the s-strain bacteria produced toxin that made the mice get sick what did he do?

A

He took a culture of the s-strain, heard the cells to kill them

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7
Q

Injected the heat-killed bacteria into the mice. What happened?

A

They survived, suggesting that the cause of pneumonia was not a toxin from disease-causing bacteria

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8
Q

Mixed the heat-killed, s-strain bacteria with live, harmless bacteria from the r-strain, what happened

A

The mice developed pneumonia and died. When he examined the lungs he found them to be filled with the disease-causing bacteria

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9
Q

One type of bacteria has been changed permanently into another

A

Transformation

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10
Q

Wanted to determine which molecule from the heat-killed bacteria was most important for transformation. Extracted a mixture of various molecules from the heat-killed bacteria. Carefully treated the mixture with enzymes that destroyed proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and RNA. transformation still occurred. Tried it with DNA and it worked

A

Oswald Avery

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11
Q

Was the transforming factor

A

DNA

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12
Q

Avery and his team discovered that

A

DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next

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13
Q

Studied a bacteriophage that was composed of DNA and proteins want to determine which part of the virus entered the bacterial coat, grew viruses in culture containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus and sulfur. Mixed the marked viruses with bacterial cells. Then separate the viruses from the bacteria and tested the bacteria for radioactivity. Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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14
Q

True/False: Hershey and Chase confirmed Avery’s results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in genes-not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells

A

True

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15
Q

Tiny, nonliving particles that can infect living cells

A

Viruses

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16
Q

A kind of virus that infects bacteria. Enters a bacterium, attaches to the surface of bacterial cell and injects its genetic information

A

Bacteriophage

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17
Q

Acts to procure many new bacteriophages

A

Viral Genes

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18
Q

DNA that makes up genes must be capable of doing what to the genetic information in a cell?

A

Storing, copying and transmitting

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19
Q

Genes for blood type and eye color have to do even more. Genes control patterns of development

A

Storing Information

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20
Q

Before a cell divides, it must make a complete copy of every one of its gene

A

Copying Information

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21
Q

DNA molecules must be carefully sorted and passed along during cell division. Careful sorting is especially important during the formation of reproductive cell in meiosis

A

Transmitting

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22
Q

Is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds

A

DNA

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23
Q

Are long, slight acidic molecules originally identified in a cell nuclei. Are made up of smaller subunits, linked together to form long chains

A

Nucleic Acid

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24
Q

Are the building blocks of Nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

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25
Q

Nucleotides are made up of three basic components

A

5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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26
Q

Are bases that contain nitrogen

A

Nitrogenous base

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27
Q

DNA has four kinds of nitrogenous base

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)

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28
Q

The nucleotides in a strand of DNA are joined by covalent bonds from between

A

Sugar and phosphate

29
Q

Austrian-American biochemist. Discovered that the percentage of (A) and (T) are almost equal in any sample of DNA. same thing applies to (c) and (G)

A

Erwin Chargaff’s

30
Q

(A)=(T) and (G)=(C)

A

The Chargaff’s a Rule

31
Q

Used a technique called x-Ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA. Purified a large amount of DNA, then stretched the DNA fibers in a thin glass tube so that most of the strands were parallel. The x-Ray pattern does not reveal the structure of DNA, but it shows that the strands in DNA are helix

A

Rosalind Franklin

32
Q

Twisted shaped like coils of a spring

A

Helix

33
Q

Built a three dimensional model of DNA that was made of cardboard and wire. It explained the specific structure and properties of DNA. discovered that hydrogen bonds could form between certain nitrogenous base, providing just enough force to hold the two strands together

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

34
Q

Two strands of twist around each other like spiral staircases. Explains Chargaff’s rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together

A

Double Helix

35
Q

Two strands of DNA running in opposite directions

A

Antiparallel

36
Q

The perfect fit between A-T and G-C nucleotides. Explains how DNA can be copied or replicated, because each base on one strand pairs with one-and only one-base on the opposite strand

A

Base pairing

37
Q

Before the cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process. Occurs during the later interphase of the cell cycle, insures that each resulting cell has the same complete set of DNA molecules. DNA molecules separate into two strands and then produce tow new complementary strands

A

Replication

38
Q

TACGTT produces a strand with the complementary base sequence

A

ATGCAA=2 DNA molecules

39
Q

Is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA. “Proofreads” each new DNA strand, so that each molecule is a near-perfect copy of the original

A

DNA Polymerase

40
Q

DNA at the tips. It is difficult to replicate

A

Telomeres

41
Q

Cell use this to solve the problem by adding short, repeated DNA sequences to the telomeres. Helps prevent genes from being damaged or lost during replication. It is often switched off in adults cells. In cancer cells, may be activated, enabling cells to grow and proliferate rapidly

A

Telomerase

42
Q

Have a single, circular DNA molecule in the cytoplasm, containing nearly all the cells genetic information

A

Prokaryotes Cells

43
Q

Have up to 1000 times more DNA. Nearly all of the DNA is found in the nucleus

A

Eukaryotic Cell

44
Q

Consists of DNA, tightly packed together with proteins to form a substance called chromatin

A

Eukaryotic chromosome

45
Q

Are proteins around which chromatin is tightly coiled

A

Histones

46
Q

Does not start until regulatory proteins bind to a single starting point on the chromosome. The protein then triggers the beginning of the s phase, and the DNA replication beings. The cell starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosome is copied. The two chromosome produced by replication are attached to different points inside the cell membrane and are separated when the cell splits to form two new cells

A

Prokaryotic DNA replication

47
Q

Begins at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied. Damaged regions of DNA are sometimes replicated,resulting in changed to DNA base sequence that may alter certain genes and produce serious consequence

A

eukaryotic DNA replication

48
Q

On the top rail the strand is said to be oriented from

A

5 to 3

49
Q

The strand at the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented from

A

3 to 5

50
Q

DNA coils around histones to form

A

Nucleosomes

51
Q

Coil to form chromatin fibers

A

Nucleosomes

52
Q

Separate.Serves as templates and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

A

Parental Strands of DNA

53
Q

An enzyme, is responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix

A

Helicase

54
Q

Reads and connects the original DNA (nucleotides)

A

DNA polymerase

55
Q

Elongated as the DNA unwinds

A

Leading strand

56
Q

Elongates away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

57
Q

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously into small segments called

A

Okazaki Fragments

58
Q

Links the two sections

A

DNA ligase

59
Q

Y shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

A

Replication fork

59
Q

short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication

A

RNA primer

60
Q

enzyme that creates and lays down RNA primer

A

Primase

61
Q

a protein ring that slides along DNA and holds the polymerase in place during replication

A

Sliding clamp

62
Q

RNA is a single strand to DNA’s double helix
RNA’s ribose has one more oxygen than deoxyribose
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

A

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

63
Q

What are the three parts of DNA replication and when does it all happen?

A

DNA replication happens the S phase of Interphase and is split into the binding of enzymes to existing DNA, unwinding of the double helix, and synthesis of new matching strand for each existing strand

64
Q

What was learned from Griffith’s experiment

A

Dead bacteria somehow transmits a genetic material to live bacteria.

65
Q

What are the three main parts of DNA replication?

A
  1. The binding of enzymes to 3 main parts
  2. Unwinding of double helix
  3. Synthesis of new matching strand for each existing
66
Q

The area where replication begins

A

Replication point

67
Q

Adenine pairs with what to have how many hydrogen bonds?

A

thymine with 2 H bonds

68
Q

Cytosine pairs with what to have how many hydrogen bonds?

A

guanine with 3 H bonds

69
Q

Removes the RNA primase

A

RNase H

70
Q

Prevents reannealing

A

SSB

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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