Chapter 34 Flashcards by Victoria Rivas

Caused by neisseria gonorrhea and transmitted by discharge from the mucus membrane. Urethritis in the men and vaginitis in women are the first effects along with pus discharge, but often no symptoms show. The infection can proceed further into the reproductive organs and lead to infertility due to scar tissue formation. The infection may also be passed to a baby at birth and can cause blindness

Gonorrhea

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Caused by treponema pallidum and transmitted by sexual contact, blood, and thru the placenta. The disease goes through various stages: begins with a chancre sore at the point of contact that heals in a few weeks. A rash, fever, and joint and muscular aches follow and the disease spreads to all system as the nervous system becomes involved the disease is termed “neurosyphilis”. Loss of motor control follow as well as memory loss, irritability and hallucinations occur

Syphilis

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Caused by chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that reproduces inside of the body’s cells. Initially caused no symptoms, then leads to inflammation of the reproductive organs, leading to infertility in men and women, or the possibility of ectopic pregnancy due to inflammation of the uterine tubes

Chlamydia

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Caused by a virus, and leads to cirrhosis of the liver. Individuals with hepatitis B can then contract hepatitis D which results in severe liver damage and is even more deathly than this one

Hepatitis B

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Each species has a characteristics number of chromosomes
Humans & Black Mollies?
Redwood?

Humans and Black Mollies (46)

Redwood (22)

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Chromosomes that carry the same genes

Homologous Chromosomes

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Body cells

Somatic cells

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Contain two sets of homologous chromosomes (2n)

Diploid

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Reproductive cells

Gamete

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Reproductive cell in the females

Ovum

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Reproductive cells in males

Sperm

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Contain only one set of unpaired chromosomes (n)

Haploid

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Two successive cell divisions that produce gametes

Meiosis

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True/False: In meiosis the first step reduces chromosome number to haploid. It provides genetic variation through random mixture of chromosomes in gametes

True

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During prophase I. Breaking and exchange of homologous chromosomes at one or more sites along their length, resulting in genetic recombination

Crossing over

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DNA transferred from donor to recipient cell via ________ bridge

Conjugation

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Life cycle that includes both asexual and sexual forms

Alternation of Generations

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Ova

Ovaries

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Sperm

Testes

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Male releases sperm into female reproductive organ

Internal Fertilization

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Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone. Released only during very early in pregnancy. Hormone which pregnancy test look for

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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Where testes are located and remain cooler for proper sperm production

Scrotum

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Where sperm are stored

Epididymis

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Sperm duct

Vas Deferens

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Transports sperm. Produced by prostate gland and seminal vesicle. Fructose

Seminal fluid

Spermicide and seminal fluid

Semen

Semen travel through vas urethane and out of the body

Ejaculation

Male hormones. Testosterone. FSH

Androgens

True/False: secondary sex characteristics, like mature genitalia, femal breasts, body & facial hair, muscular development and deep male voice don't happen at puberty

False

Are released in one part of the body, travel through the blood and affect cells in other parts of the body

Hormones

What are the components of the endocrine system

Made up of glands that release hormones into the blood. Hormones deliver messages throughout the body

Hormones act by binding to specific chemical receptors on cell membranes or within cells. Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

Target cell

The body's responses to hormones last how long

Can take up to several minutes, hours, or days for hormones to have full effect on its target cell

Releases their sections through tube-like structures either out of the body or directly into the digestive system. Like sweating, crying and digestive enzymes

Exocrine Gland

Releases their sections directly into the blood, which transports the secretions throughout the body

Endocrine Gland

makes hormones that control the pituitary gland and hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands and some organs. A bean like structure that dangles on slender stalk of tissue at the base of the brain

Pituitary Gland

release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood

Parathyroid Gland

releases thymosin which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response

Thymus

release hormones that help the body respond to stress

Adrenal Gland

releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activists, such as sleep

Pineal Gland

produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism throughout the body

Thyroid

produces insulin and glucagon, which regulates the level of glucose in the blood

Pancreas

produce estrogen and progesterone

Ovaries

female secondary sex characteristics and the development of the egg

Estrogen

prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg

Progesterone

produce testosterone, which is responsible for spermicide production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Testes

Can enter the nucleus and change the pattern of gene expression in a target cell 1. Enters a cell by passing directly across the cell membrane 2. The hormone binds to a receptor and forms a hormone-receptor complex Found only in the hormone's target cell 3. The hormone-receptor enters the cell, and binds to regions of DNA 4. The binding initiates the transcription of specific genes 5. mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis

Steroid Hormone

Binds to receptors on cell membranes and cause the release of secondary messenger that affect cell activities 1. Binds into the receptor on the cell membrane 2. The binding of the hormone activates enzymes on the inner surface of the cell membrane 3. The enzymes release secondary messengers such as calcium ions, nucleotides, and even fatty acids 4. The secondary messenger can activate or inhibit a wide range of cell activities

Nonsteroid Hormone

Are modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells. Are generally affect only nearby cells and tissues and thus are sometimes known as "local hormones". Some can cause smooth muscles, such as those in the uterus, bronchioles and blood vessels to contract. One group causes the sensation of pain during most headaches

Prostaglandins

Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland. It activities are influenced by levels of hormones and other substances in the blood and by sensory information collected by other parts of the central nervous system

Hypothalamus

Stimulates the kidney to absorb water, and oxytocin, which stimulates contractions during childbirth

Antidiuretic Hormone

Stimulates production of mature eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulates ovaries and testes; prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates releases of some hormones from the adrenal cortex

Adreno-Corticotrooic Hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates milk production in nursing mother

Prolactin

Stimulates melanocytes in the skin to increase the production of the pigment melanin

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Are secreted into blood vessels leading to the anterior pituitary

Releasing Hormones

When the body fails to produce or properly respond to insulin. Very high blood glucose levels that result this can damage almost every system and cell in the body

Diabetes Mellitus

Is an autoimmune disorder that usually develops in people before the age of 15. The immune system kills beta cells, resulting in little or no secretion of insulin

Type 1 Diabetes

Most commonly develops in people after the age of 40. Produce low to normal amounts of insulin. Their cells do not properly respond to the hormone because the interaction of insulin receptors and insulin is ineffiecent

Type 2 Diabetes

Where is the thyroid gland located?

At the base of the neck and wraps around the upper part of the trachea

Increases the metabolic rate of cells throughout the body. Cells become more active, use more energy and produce more heat

Thyroxine

How are endocrine glands controlled

Regulated by feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis

During this week of development, the reproductive systems of males and female embryos begin to develop along different lines

Is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during why the reproductive system becomes fully functional. It actually begins in the brain, when hypothalamus signals that pituitary to produce two hormones that affect the gonads

Puberty

True/False: when puberty is complete, the reproductive system is fully functional meaning that the male can produce and release active speak

True

Within each testis are clusters of hundred of tiny tubes

Seminiferous

Where the sperm develops

Tubules

The process where the penis becomes erect and the sperm are ejected from the penis by contraction of smooth muscles lining the glands in the reproductive tract. About 2-6 milliners of semen are released in an average ejaculation

Ejaculation

What does a mature sperm consist of

A head, mid piece, a tail, and the tip of the head

Where eggs are held and produced. He,d in place by ligaments and tendons

Ovary

Also called oviducts. 8-10 centimeters long tubes that eggs travels to make it into the uterus. Take the egg 3-5 days to travel

Fallopian Tubes

Also called the womb. Pear-shaped muscular organ. Only held in place by ligaments and tendons. Site where menstruation occurs

Uterus

Passageway for the menstrual flow and babies to exit the body. Where sperm is deposited

Vagina

Found outside of the body. Where the sperm is made and made up of seminiferous tubules

Testis

The way sperm and urine exit the May. With the help of accessory gland (seminal duct, ejaculatory duct, and prostate duct). Produced seminal fluid (nourishment and protection for the sperm)

Urethra

Fertilization occurs in the

Fallopian tube

Fertilized egg

Zygote

3-4 days after fertilization. Solid ball of 50-64 cells

Morula

4-5 days after fertilization. Hollow ball of cells

Blastocyst

Formation of 3 layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Gastrulation

Skin and nervous system

Ectoderm

Blood, muscle, bone

Mesoderm

Lining of organs, stomach, intestines, respiratory system and excretory system

Endoderm

Formation of the backbone

Neurolation

Embryo buries itself in uterine wall

Implantation

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. Start the organ making

Differentiation

Temporary organ that begins to form from the trophoblast later of cells shortly after implantation. Connects the baby to the mother

Placenta

An enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus. Allows the baby to move. Cushions the fetus and protects it form injury

Amniotic Sac

The carrying of one or more offspring from fertilization until birth

Pregnancy

Hormone made by the hypothalamus. Stoked in the pituitary gland causes contractions (cervix expanding)

Oxytocin

First year after birth

Infancy

1-3 years after birth

Toddler

4-9 years after birth

Kid

10-12 years after birth

Pre-teen

13-18 years after birth

Teenager

19-35 years after birth

Early adulthood

36-65 years after birth

Middle adulthood

66-end of life

Old age

Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). Painful blisters along the all parts of the penis and the vulva and vagina develop. Blisters appear and disappear with various recurrences in a year. It is incurable. Released to HSV-1, which causes cold sores in the mouth

Genital Herpes

Ovulation occurs on what day

How long is the menstrual cycle?

28 days