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Biology 9 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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0
Q

Offsprings that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits

A

Hybrid

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study

A

The inheritance of traits

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2
Q

The chemical factors that determine traits

A

Genes

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are

A

Inherited through the passing factors from parent to offspring

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4
Q

The principle of dominance states

A

Some allele are dominant and others are recessive

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5
Q

Predicts the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses

A

Principle of Probability

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6
Q

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

A

Homozygous

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7
Q

States that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

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8
Q

Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele

A

Incomplete dominance

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9
Q

The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol

A

N

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10
Q

If an organism’s diploid number is 12, it’s haploid number is

A

6

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11
Q

Gametes are produced by the process of

A

Meiosis

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12
Q

Chromosomes form tetrads during

A

Prophase of meiosis I

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13
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

A

Haploid

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14
Q

Meiosis results in the formation of _______ genetically different cells

A

4

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15
Q

The wide range of skin color in humans comes about because more than four different genes control this trait

A

Polygenic traits

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16
Q

True/False: a trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

A

True

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17
Q

True/False: an organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will sometimes show that trait

A

False: always show that trait

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18
Q

True/False: when alleles segregate from each other, they join

A

False: they separate

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19
Q

True/False: mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis results in one cell

A

False: four cells

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20
Q

How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to show that trait?

A

2

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21
Q

The modern science of genetics was founded by an Austrian monk. The father of genetics, studied garden peas, looked at characteristics that were easy to see

A

Gregor Mendel

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22
Q

Is the study of heredity

A

Genetics

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23
Q

Gregor Mendel called it trait-factor

A

Trait

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24
Q

What is so important about Gregor Mendel’s work?

A

He showed that there are dominant and recessive genes

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25
Q

TT

A

Homozygous Dominant

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26
Q

Tt

A

Heterozygous

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27
Q

tt

A

Homozygous recessive

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28
Q

Is when one characteristic crosses

A

Monohybrid cross

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29
Q

When two characteristics cross

A

Dihybrid cross

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30
Q

Types of Blood Type

A

A
B
AB
O

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31
Q

Is the most common blood type. 38% of the population

A

O

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32
Q

Is the rarest blood type. 1% of the population

A

AB

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33
Q

Are different from their parents, yet similar

A

Offsprings

34
Q

Gregor Mendel research applies to not only to plants but __________ as well

A

Organisms

35
Q

Wanted to use a model organism (fruit fly). Made him believe in Mendel’s work

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

36
Q

Is the division of the cell nucleus

A

Mitosis

37
Q

Is the period of the cell going through cell activity: growing, dividing, and reproducing

A

Cell cycle

38
Q

Is the formation of gametes

A

Gameteogenesis

39
Q

_____chromosomes-complete set

A

46

40
Q

Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. This pairing forms tetrad. As the the homologous chromosomes undergo crossing-over, then the crossed sections of chromatids-which contains alleles are exchanged

A

Prophase I

41
Q

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

A

Metaphase I

42
Q

Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosomes pair toward opposite end of the cell

A

Anaphase I

43
Q

The nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes

A

Telophase I

44
Q

Forms two new cells

A

Cytokinesis

45
Q

The cells chromosomes become visible

A

Prophase II

46
Q

The chromosomes line up in the center of the each cell

A

Metaphase II

47
Q

The paired chromatids separate

A

Anaphase II

48
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To split the chromosomes in half

49
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

In the formation of gametes

50
Q

When two haploid combine what is formed?

A

Zygote

51
Q

Is the key to understand what makes each organisms unique

A

Genetics

52
Q

Produce a new cell

A

Fertilization

53
Q

Is a specific characteristic

Example: seed, color, or plant height

A

Trait

54
Q

The offspring of crosses between parent with different traits

A

Hybrid

55
Q

Factors that are passed from parent to offspring

A

Genes

56
Q

The different form of genes

A

Alleles

57
Q

States that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

A

Principle of Dominance

58
Q

Separation

A

Segregation

59
Q

Sex cells

A

Gametes

60
Q

Is the concept learned to describe Mendel genetic crosses. Allows you to calculate the likelihood that a particular event will occur

A

Probability

61
Q

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular gene-TT or tt

A

Homozygous

62
Q

Organisms that have two different alleles from the game gene-Tt

A

Heterozygous

63
Q

Physical traits

A

Phenotype

64
Q

Genetic makeup

A

Genotype

65
Q

Use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic genes

A

Punnet Square

66
Q

States that genes fro different traits can segregate independently during the formation genes

A

Independent Assortment

67
Q

Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

A

Incomplete Dominance

68
Q

Phenotype produced by both alleles are clearly expressed

A

Codominance

69
Q

A gene with more than two alleles

A

Multiple alleles

70
Q

Traits controlled by two or more genes

A

Polygenic Trait

71
Q

Two sets of chromosomes

A

Homologous

72
Q

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

A

Diploid

73
Q

Single set of chromosomes and single set of genes

A

Haploid

74
Q

Is a process in which the number of chromosomes per ll is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a dipped cell

A

Meiosis

75
Q

Forms a structure which contains four chromatids

A

Tetrad

76
Q

As the homologous chromosomes form tetrad

A

Crossing-over

77
Q

Fertilized eggs

A

Zygote

78
Q

Can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits

A

Environmental conditions

79
Q

In mitosis, when two genetic material separate, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate the daughter cells. Mitosis does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. This is not the case for meiosis, which reduces the chromosomes by half

A

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

80
Q

True/False: Gregor Mendel concluded that the tall plants in the P generation passed the factor for tallness to the F1 generation

A

True

81
Q

True/False: true-breeding plants that are produced axial flowers were crossed with true-breeding plants that were produced terminal flowers because the allele for terminal flowers is recessive

A

False; dominant

82
Q

True/False: if the alleles for a trait did not segregate during gamete formation, offspring would always show the trait of at least one of the parents

A

True

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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