Chapter 11 Flashcards by Victoria Rivas

Offsprings that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits

Hybrid

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Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study

The inheritance of traits

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The chemical factors that determine traits

Genes

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Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are

Inherited through the passing factors from parent to offspring

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The principle of dominance states

Some allele are dominant and others are recessive

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Predicts the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses

Principle of Probability

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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

Homozygous

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States that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance

Principle of Independent Assortment

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Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele

Incomplete dominance

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The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol

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If an organism’s diploid number is 12, it’s haploid number is

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Gametes are produced by the process of

Meiosis

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Chromosomes form tetrads during

Prophase of meiosis I

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

Haploid

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Meiosis results in the formation of _______ genetically different cells

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The wide range of skin color in humans comes about because more than four different genes control this trait

Polygenic traits

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True/False: a trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

True

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True/False: an organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will sometimes show that trait

False: always show that trait

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True/False: when alleles segregate from each other, they join

False: they separate

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True/False: mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis results in one cell

False: four cells

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How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to show that trait?

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The modern science of genetics was founded by an Austrian monk. The father of genetics, studied garden peas, looked at characteristics that were easy to see

Gregor Mendel

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Is the study of heredity

Genetics

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Gregor Mendel called it trait-factor

Trait

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What is so important about Gregor Mendel's work?

He showed that there are dominant and recessive genes

Homozygous Dominant

Heterozygous

Homozygous recessive

Is when one characteristic crosses

Monohybrid cross

When two characteristics cross

Dihybrid cross

Types of Blood Type

A B AB O

Is the most common blood type. 38% of the population

Is the rarest blood type. 1% of the population

Are different from their parents, yet similar

Offsprings

Gregor Mendel research applies to not only to plants but __________ as well

Organisms

Wanted to use a model organism (fruit fly). Made him believe in Mendel's work

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Is the division of the cell nucleus

Mitosis

Is the period of the cell going through cell activity: growing, dividing, and reproducing

Cell cycle

Is the formation of gametes

Gameteogenesis

_____chromosomes-complete set

Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. This pairing forms tetrad. As the the homologous chromosomes undergo crossing-over, then the crossed sections of chromatids-which contains alleles are exchanged

Prophase I

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Metaphase I

Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosomes pair toward opposite end of the cell

Anaphase I

The nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes

Telophase I

Forms two new cells

Cytokinesis

The cells chromosomes become visible

Prophase II

The chromosomes line up in the center of the each cell

Metaphase II

The paired chromatids separate

Anaphase II

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To split the chromosomes in half

When does meiosis occur?

In the formation of gametes

When two haploid combine what is formed?

Zygote

Is the key to understand what makes each organisms unique

Genetics

Produce a new cell

Fertilization

Is a specific characteristic | Example: seed, color, or plant height

Trait

The offspring of crosses between parent with different traits

Hybrid

Factors that are passed from parent to offspring

Genes

The different form of genes

Alleles

States that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

Principle of Dominance

Separation

Segregation

Sex cells

Gametes

Is the concept learned to describe Mendel genetic crosses. Allows you to calculate the likelihood that a particular event will occur

Probability

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular gene-TT or tt

Homozygous

Organisms that have two different alleles from the game gene-Tt

Heterozygous

Physical traits

Phenotype

Genetic makeup

Genotype

Use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic genes

Punnet Square

States that genes fro different traits can segregate independently during the formation genes

Independent Assortment

Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

Incomplete Dominance

Phenotype produced by both alleles are clearly expressed

Codominance

A gene with more than two alleles

Multiple alleles

Traits controlled by two or more genes

Polygenic Trait

Two sets of chromosomes

Homologous

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

Diploid

Single set of chromosomes and single set of genes

Haploid

Is a process in which the number of chromosomes per ll is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a dipped cell

Meiosis

Forms a structure which contains four chromatids

Tetrad

As the homologous chromosomes form tetrad

Crossing-over

Fertilized eggs

Zygote

Can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits

Environmental conditions

In mitosis, when two genetic material separate, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate the daughter cells. Mitosis does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. This is not the case for meiosis, which reduces the chromosomes by half

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

True/False: Gregor Mendel concluded that the tall plants in the P generation passed the factor for tallness to the F1 generation

True

True/False: true-breeding plants that are produced axial flowers were crossed with true-breeding plants that were produced terminal flowers because the allele for terminal flowers is recessive

False; dominant

True/False: if the alleles for a trait did not segregate during gamete formation, offspring would always show the trait of at least one of the parents

True