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Biology 9 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Where do organisms get energy

A

Organisms get the energy they need from food

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1
Q

For all organisms, ________ contain chemical energy that is released when their chemicals bonds are broken

A

Food molecules

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2
Q

Is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

A

Calorie

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3
Q

The calorie (capital C) that is used on food labels is _______, or 1000 calories

A

Kilocalorie

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4
Q

Cells can use all sorts of molecules for foods, including

A

Fats, protein, and carbohydrate

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5
Q

The energy stored in each of these macromolecules varies because of their ______________, and therefore their energy-storing bonds, differ

A

Chemical structure

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6
Q

Beef releases ________ calories of heat energy when it’s bonds are broken

A

8893

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7
Q

Carbohydrates and protein contain _________ calories (4 Calories) energy per gram

A

4000

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8
Q

Fats contain ________ calories (9 calories) per gram

A

9000 calories

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9
Q

Is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

A

Cellular Respiration

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10
Q

Formula of Cellular Respiration in Symbols

A

6O2+C6H12O6—>6CO2+6H2O+Energy

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11
Q

Formula of Cellular Respiration In Words

A

Oxygen+Glucose—> Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy

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12
Q

3 Main Stages of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis, The Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

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13
Q

Glucose first enters a chemical pathway, only a small amount of energy is captured to form ATP. In the end of this stage, about 90% of the chemical energy that was available is still unused, locked in the chemical bonds of molecule called pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

The pyruvic acid enters this stage, where a little more energy is generated. Occurs in the way to the mitochondria, matrix

A

The Kreb Cycle

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15
Q

The bulk of energy go to this stage. This stage requires reactants from the other two stages of the process. Occurs in the cristea of the mitochondria

A

Electron Transport Chain

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16
Q

How does the electron transport chain extract so much energy from these reactants?

A

It uses oxygen

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17
Q

Is require at the very of the electron transport chain

A

Oxygen

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18
Q

Breathing

A

Respiration

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19
Q

Refers to energy releasing pathways within the cell

A

Cellular Respiration

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20
Q

In air

A

Aerobic

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21
Q

Are both aerobic processes

A

The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

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22
Q

Does not directly require oxygen, it is classified as an aerobic process before it cannot run without the oxygen-requiring electron transport chain

A

The Kreb Cycle

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23
Q

Without air

A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

Is an anaerobic process

A

Glycolysis

25
Q

Are structures in the cell that convert chemical energy stored in food or usable energy for the cell

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular uses that oxygen to releases energy from food

27
Q

The release of energy by cellular respiration take place in nearly all life

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, Most bacteria

28
Q

Energy captured by photosynthesis occurs in

A

Plants, Algae, and Some bacteria

29
Q

What happens during the process of glycolysis?

A

1 molecules of glucose, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compounds. As the bonds in glucose are broken and rearranged, energy is released

30
Q

In the pathway’s beginning, ___ATP molecules are used up

A

2

31
Q

Although the cell puts 2ATP molecules into its “account” to get glycolysis going, glycolysis produces __ATP molecules

A

4

32
Q

One of the reactions of glycolysis removes 4 electrons, now in high-energy stage, and passes the, to an electron carried called

A

NAD*

33
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

NAD*

34
Q

_____molecules accepts a pair of high-energy electrons

A

NAD*

35
Q

_______, holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules

A

NADH

36
Q

In the process of glycolysis, 4 ATP molecules are synthesized from __ADP. Given that 2ATP molecules are used to start the process, there is a net gain of just 2ATP molecules

A

4

37
Q

Although the _________ from glycolysis is small, the process is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in just a few milliseconds

A

Energy yield

38
Q

The _____ of glycolysis can be a big advantage when the energy demands of a cell suddenly increase

A

Speed

39
Q

Can quickly supple chemical energy to cells when oxygen is not available

A

Glycolysis

40
Q

When _____is available, however, the pruvic acid and NADH “outputs” generated during glycolysis becomes the “inputs” from the other processes of cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

41
Q

Energy Storing Molecules

A

ATP, NADPH, FADH, FADH2

42
Q

Glyco

A

Glucose

43
Q

Lysis

A

Breakdown

44
Q

Result of Glycolysis

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

45
Q

Is the structure in the cell that converts chemical energy stored in food to usable energy for the cell

A

Mitochondrion

46
Q

Result of the Kreb Cycle

A

Carbon Dioxide, 8 NADH, 2FADH

47
Q

The Krebs Cycle could also be called

A

The Citric Acid Cycle

48
Q

Is a series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP

A

Fermentation

49
Q

Happens when there is no oxygen available and occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Fermentation

50
Q

Yeasts use this process to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products. Causes bread dough to rise and it is how some alcoholic beverages are made

A

Alcoholic Fermentation

51
Q

Equation of Alcoholic Fermentation

A

Pryuvic Acid+NADH–>alcohol+CO2+NAD*

52
Q

Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms). This is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are made. Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise. It happens when your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis. Causes muscle soreness or burning after intense activity

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

53
Q

Equation for Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid+NADH–>Lactic Acid+NAD*

54
Q

Folds of the inner membrane. Embedded with enzymes used in ATP formation and electron transport some Krebs Cycle

A

Cristea

55
Q

Fluid-filled interior space

A

Matrix

56
Q

Able to switch back and forth between fermentation and aerobic respiration. Dependent on Oxygen

A

Facultative Aerobes

57
Q

Poisoned by Oxygen. Fermentation and Anaerobic respiration

A

Obligate Anaerobes

58
Q

Cannot survive without oxygen

A

Obligate Aerobes

59
Q

Similarities between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

A

Provides carbon for biosynthesis. Uses ETS for form ATP. Products of one are reactants of the other

Biology 9 (12 decks)

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