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AP 1 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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2
Q

Types of intercellular junctions

A

Tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap

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3
Q

Tight intercellular junction

A

Inhibit passage of substance between cells and prevents leakage from the organs such as stomach and urinary bladder

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4
Q

Adherens junction

A

Helps resist separation during contractile activities like peristalsis in the GI tract

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5
Q

Desmosomes junction

A

Prevents epithelial cells from getting separated under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction

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6
Q

Hemidesmosomes junction

A

Helps anchor cells to the basement membrane

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7
Q

Gap junction

A

Seen in nerve and muscle cells where the cells transmit electrical signals

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cells (many) are densely packed with little to no ECM

Tissue is avascular

They form covering and lining layer and not covered by other tissues

Provides protection, carries out filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fewer cells separated by lots of ECM

Most connective tissues are highly vascular

They bind cells within tissues and compartmentalizes organs like skeletal muscles

It protects, supports, and strengthens other body tissues and insulate internal organs

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10
Q

On what basis are the covering and lining epithelia classified?

A
  1. Arrangement of cell layers, and
  2. Shape of their cells
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11
Q

Cell layers

A

Simple, Pseudostratified, and Stratified

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12
Q

Shape of cells

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

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13
Q

Simple squamous

A

one row of flat cells – Endothelium, Mesothelium, Alveoli (air sacs)

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14
Q

stratified squamous

A

multilayered – non-keratinized (mouth); keratinized (epidermis of skin)

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15
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

one layer of cube-like cells - kidneys), stratified cuboidal (sweat glands)

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16
Q

Simple columnar

A

one row of tall, column-like cells - GI tract organs like stomach and intestines

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17
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

may be ciliated like in the respiratory tract organs like trachea, stratified columnar (rare – male urethra)

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless and secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid and then transported in the blood. E.g., Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland

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19
Q

Exocrine glands

A

have ducts to carry their secretions on to the body surface. E.g., Salivary gland, Sweat gland, Mammary glands

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20
Q

Simple tubular

A

Large intestinal glands

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21
Q

Simple branched tubular

A

Gastric glands of the stomach

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22
Q

Simple coiled tubular

A

Sweat glands

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23
Q

Simple acinar

A

Penile urethral glands

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24
Q

Simple branched acinar

A

Sebaceous glands

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25
Q

Compound tubular

A

Bulbourethral glands (male)

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26
Q

Compound acinar

A

Mammary glands

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27
Q

Compound tubuloacinar

A

Pancreatic acinar glands

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28
Q

Merocrine glands

A

cells secrete substances in secretory vesicles via exocytosis – salivary gland

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29
Q

Apocrine glands

A

accumulate product in apical portions of cells with the portion of cells getting pinched off that form part of secretion – mammary glands

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30
Q

Holocrine glands

A

secretions stored in cytosol; mature cell ruptures and dies and become the secretory product – sebaceous (oil) gland

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31
Q

Most abundant tissue in the human body

A

Connective tissue

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32
Q

What is an extracellular matrix (ECM) and why is ECM important for the connective tissue?

A

The materials found between the cells within a tissue and made of protein fibres and ground substances. The ECM keeps the cells bound together and support cells while giving adequate space for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to pass through. It helps determine a specific connective tissue’s qualities whether they are fluid, flexible or firm and rigid.

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33
Q

Into which category can we place hyaluronic acid, when studying connective tissue and what is its importance

A

Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide that is viscous, slippery substance and found in the ground substance of connective tissues. It keeps cells bound together, keeps water contained in the tissues such as joint cavity, and maintain the shape of the eyeballs

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34
Q

What is the nervous tissue made up of and what role do these cells play with the tissue?

A

Made of neurons (nerve cells – primary cells that transmit nerve impulses) and neuroglia (glial cells – support and protect neurons)

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35
Q

What are the effects of aging on tissues?

A

stiffening + loss of elasticity in tissues

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36
Q

The integumentary system is composed of

A

the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors

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37
Q

Who is a dermatologist?

A

is the medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system

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38
Q

Another name for skin is

A

cutaneous membrane

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39
Q

The superficial skin

A

Epidermis
Epithelial tissue

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40
Q

The deeper skin

A

Dermis
Connective tissue

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41
Q

functions of the Integumentary system

A

body temperature regulation
blood storage
protection
sensation
excretion and absorption
synthesis of vitamin D

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42
Q

The integumentary system contributes to homeostasis by

A

protecting the body and helping regulate body temperature. It also allows you to sense pleasurable, painful, and other stimuli in your external environment

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43
Q

Avascular

A

The epidermis, won’t bleed when cut

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44
Q

Vascular

A

Dermis, will bleed when cut

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45
Q

What is the layer called deep to the dermis

A

Subcutaneous/hypodermis. Consists of areolar and adipose tissues

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46
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

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47
Q

4 main types of cells in the epidermis of the skin

A

Keratinocytes (90% of cell populations)
Melanocytes (8% of cell population)
Langerhans cell (a small fraction)
Tactile/merkel cells (least numerous)

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48
Q

Melanin

A

responsible for the production of yellow-red or brown-black pigment and that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV light.

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49
Q

5 strata layers

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
startum granulosum
stratum lucid
stratum corneum

50
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest (bottom-most) layer of the epidermis and is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes cells. This layer contains epidermis stem cells that undergo cell division to continuously produce new keratinocytes

51
Q

stratum lucidum

A

consists of four to six layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

52
Q

stratum spinosum

A

Intraepithelial macrophages (cells) also known as Dendritic cells and projections of melanocytes cells can be found in this stratum

53
Q

stratum Granulosum

A

keratohyalin, which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin. The cells also contain membrane enclosed lamellar granules, which release a lipid-rich secretion which acts as a water repellent sealant

54
Q

stratum corneum

A

consists of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. However, the number of layers can vary in thin and thick skin

55
Q

callus

A

An area of hardened and thickened skin that is usually seen in palms and soles and is due to persistent pressure and friction

56
Q

Keratinization

A

happens when newly formed cells in the stratum basale are slowly pushed to the surface

57
Q

How many days does it take for the cells in the stratum basale to reach the top and get sloughed off?

A

seven to ten weeks

58
Q

Albinism

A

inherited inability of a person unable to produce melanin due to the melanocytes unable to synthesize Melanin

59
Q

The part of hair that can be seen on the surface of a hairy skin is called the

A

Hair shaft

60
Q

In hairy skin the part that lies deep in the dermis is called the

A

Hair root

61
Q

Hairs are growths of

A

epidermis composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells

62
Q

hirsutism

A

The condition whereby females exhibit excessive body hair in areas that are usually not hairy

63
Q

Lanugo

A

covers body of fetus

64
Q

Vellus

A

short, fine, pale hairs

65
Q

Terminal

A

Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs

66
Q

functions of sebaceous glands

A

Sebum also prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin
keeps the skin soft and pliable
inhibits the growth of some (but not all) bacteria

67
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

responsible for maintaining homeostatic regulation of body temperature

68
Q

Apocrine sweat cells

A

Sweat produced from hormones

69
Q

4 Deep Wound Healing Phases

A

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferative phase
Maturation phase

70
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

inflammation; blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites wound edges

71
Q

Migratory phase

A

clot becomes a scab; epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound 。damaged blood vessels begin to regrow

72
Q

Proliferative phase

A

growth of epithelial cells beneath scab + continued growth of blood vessels

73
Q

Maturation phase

A

scab falls off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness

74
Q

Which pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light

A

Melanin

75
Q

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus which is the thickening of the _____ of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum

76
Q

Which of the structures found in skin plays an important role in thermoregulation

A

Sweat glands

77
Q

What are accessory structures of the skin

A

Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

78
Q

These cells are predominantly found in the epidermis of the skin

A

Keratinocytes

79
Q

the 6 functions of the bone tissue

A

support
protection,
movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage

80
Q

medical term for blood cell production is

A

hematopoiesis

81
Q

6 types of bone where red bone marrow can be found

A

axial flat bones (cranial bones, clavicle, sternum, ribs, scapula, vertebrae, and pelvis) and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur.

82
Q

Diaphysis

A

(shaft), proximal and distal epiphyses (connect at joints)

83
Q

metaphyses

A

between D and E, contains epiphyseal plate

84
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartlige that reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints

85
Q

periosteum

A

Connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

86
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains yellow bone marrow and minimizes bone weight

87
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

88
Q

Four types of cells are present in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

89
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
Develops into an osteoblast

90
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells that secrete matrix
Forms bone Extracellular matrix

91
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
Maintains bone tissue

92
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remodel bones and cause them to release calcium
Functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone Extracellular matrix

93
Q

Compact bone

A

Good at providing protection and support

tissues denser, resists the stresses produced by weight and movement arranged in repeating structural units called osteons and they construct the external layer of the bones

94
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lightweight and provides tissue support

Lacks osteons, lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called trabeculae, trabeculae support and protect the red bone marrow, hemopoiesis occurs in this.

95
Q

Which of the four bone cells, is responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?

A

osteoclasts

96
Q

Loose connective tissue in bone

A

holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues

97
Q

Dense connective tissue in bone

A

helps attach muscles to bones and link bones together at joints

98
Q

The repeating structural units of the compact bone are called

A

Osteons

99
Q

Name the blood vessel that enters through a hole in the center of diaphysis in a compact bone

A

Perforating canals (Volkman’s canals)

100
Q

What factors contribute to the hardness and tensile strength of bone?

A

Hardness depends on crystallized inorganic mineral salts.
Collagen fibers and organic molecules provide tensile strength.

101
Q

Why do you experience severe pain following a fracture?

A

Periosteum– part of a bone contains sensory nerves associated with pain

102
Q

The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis, what is another term that also means process of bone formation.

A

ossification

103
Q

endochondral ossification

A

method of forming a bone through an intermediate cartilage
involved in the formation of long bones

104
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

forms the bone directly on the mesenchyme
involved in the formation of flat bones

105
Q

Vitamin A

A

stimulates activity of osteoblasts.

106
Q

Vitamin C

A

needed for synthesis of collagen

107
Q

vitamin D

A

helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the digestive canal into the blood.

108
Q

Vitamins K and B12

A

needed for synthesis of bone proteins

109
Q

IGFs

A

stimulate osteoblasts
promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate and in the periosteum
enhance synthesis of the proteins needed to build new bone

110
Q

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

A

promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

111
Q

insulin

A

promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins

112
Q

PTH

A

increases blood Ca+. Calcitonin from the thyroid has potential to decrease Ca+

113
Q

Bone repair steps

A

Reactive phase
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bone callus formation
Bone remodeling phase

114
Q

Compound/open fracture

A

The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

115
Q

Simple/closed fracture

A

Fracture does not break the skin

116
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between two main fragments

117
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material.

118
Q

Impact fracture

A

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.

119
Q

Pott fracture

A

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.

120
Q

Colles fracture

A

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.

121
Q

effects of aging on bone tissue

A

demineralization, a loss of calcium from bones, which is due to reduced osteoblast activity

decreased production of extracellular matrix proteins (mostly collagen fibers), which makes bones more brittle and thus more susceptible to fracture.

AP 1 (24 decks)

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