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AP 1 > Final😳 > Flashcards

Final😳 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Level of Body Organization

A

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

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2
Q

Body Planes/Sections

A

Frontal
Transverse
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Oblique

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3
Q

Right upper quadrant

A

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, ascending colon

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4
Q

Left upper quadrant

A

Spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, transverse/descending colon

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5
Q

Right lower quadrant

A

Appendix, right ovary, right spermatic cord, ureters, ileum, cecum

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6
Q

Lower left quadrant

A

Sigmoid colon, jejunum, left ovary, left spermatic cord

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7
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Reverses change
Thermoregulation
Blood sugar regulation
Blood pressure regulation

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8
Q

Positive feed back loop

A

reinforces/strengths a change
Pregnancy
Lactation
Blood clotting

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9
Q

Major elements 96%

A

Oxygen 64%,
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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10
Q

Lesser elements 3.6%

A

Calcium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron

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11
Q

Trace elements 0.4%

A

Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Zinc

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Donate & accept electrons
Cation (+) vs. Anion (-)
Solid; mainly in teeth and bones
Electrolytes formed when compound breaks apart into + or - ions in solution

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13
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Share electrons
When two or more atoms share valence electrons

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14
Q

Covalent polar

A

unequal sharing, hydrophilic

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15
Q

Covalent non polar

A

equal sharing, hydrophobic, most common

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak
Attraction between a slightly negative and slightly positive molecule
Create surface tension, gives water cohesion
Stabilizer of larger molecules

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars that contain from 3-7 carbon atoms

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

Simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Forms tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

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20
Q

Fatty acids

A

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP

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21
Q

Triglycerides

A

Protection, insulation, energy storage.

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22
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes.

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23
Q

Structural protein

A

Form structural framework of various parts of body

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24
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes, control growth and development; as neurotransmitrers,
mediate responses of nervous svstem.

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25
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement.

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26
Q

Immunological protein

A

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.

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27
Q

Transport proteins

A

Carry vital substances throughout body.

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28
Q

Catalytic proteins

A

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions.

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29
Q

Amino acids are

A

“building blocks”, basic units of protein. Peptides, polypeptides

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30
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell. Functions include isolation, sensitivity and regulation of exchange in the environment, and structural support

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31
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

two back to back layers made of three types of lipid molecules

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32
Q

Lipid molecules

A

Phospholipids – 75%
Cholesterol – 20%
Glycolipids – 5%

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33
Q

Ion channel (integral)

A

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane

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34
Q

Carrier (integral)

A

Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape

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35
Q

Receptor (integral)

A

Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way

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36
Q

Enzyme (integral and peripheral)

A

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces)

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37
Q

Linker (integral and peripheral)

A

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together

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38
Q

Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

A

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin)

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39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP = energy currency. Temporarily stores.
Site of cellular respiration

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40
Q

Golgi complex

A

modifies molecules furthers, then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations

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41
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes* synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis.

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42
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lacks ribosomes* synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs, removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells

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43
Q

Lysosome

A

Waste disposal system

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44
Q

Active transport in Vesicles — Receptor mediated Endocytosis:

A

Active process in which a cell expends energy (ATP) to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient

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45
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement of substance to the inside of a cell

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46
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of substances out of a cell

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47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”; movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form a phagosome

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48
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking” ingestion of liquid into a cell

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49
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Densely packed sheets of cells
Little to no ECM
Many cell junctions
Avascular, but has a nerve supply
Mitosis occurs frequently

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50
Q

Simple squamous

A

alveoli of lungs

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51
Q

Simple cubodial

A

thyroid gland

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52
Q

Simple columnar

A

small intestine

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53
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Epidermis

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54
Q

Stratified cubodial

A

sebaceous glands, sweat glands, ducts

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55
Q

Pseudostratified (ciliated)

A

trachea, bronchi

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56
Q

Transitional/urothelium

A

Urinary bladder

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57
Q

Connective tissue

A

Widely spaced cells
Lots of ECM = ground substance + fibers
Highly vascularized and nerve supply present (with the exception of Hyaline cartilage)
Binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues

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58
Q

Embryonic

A

mesenchyme or mucous

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59
Q

Loose areolar

A

Most common

60
Q

Loose areolar location

A

Subcutaneous layer, Blood vessels, Nerves, Organs

61
Q

Loose areolar function

A

strength, elasticity, support

62
Q

Loose adipose

A

adipocytes, stores triglycerides

63
Q

Loose adipose location

A

areolar tissue, subcutaneous layer, heart, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joints, eyeball

64
Q

Loose adipose function

A

reduce heat loss, energy reserve, supports organs

65
Q

Loose reticular

A

Reticular fibers and reticular cells

66
Q

Loose reticular location

A

stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, blood vessels, muscles

67
Q

Loose reticular function

A

stroma of organs, binds smooth mm, filters blood cells and microbes

68
Q

Dense regular

A

Forms extracellular matrix, collagen fiber bundles; fibroblasts rows between

69
Q

Dense regular location

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

70
Q

Dense regular function

A

Strong attachment between structures. Tissue withstands pulling along fibers axis

71
Q

Dense irregular

A

Collagen fibers random arranged with a few fibroblasts

72
Q

Dense irregular location

A

Fasciae, Dermis, Pericardium, Periosteum, Perichondrium, Joint/membrane, Kidneys/liver/testes/lymph nodes/heart

73
Q

Dense irregular function

A

Provides tensile strength in many directions

74
Q

Dense elastic

A

Fibers with fibroblasts, yellowish color

75
Q

Dense elastic location

A

Lung tissue, Arteries, Trachea/bronchial tubes/vocal cords, Penis/vertebrae ligaments

76
Q

Dense elastic function

A

Stretches organs, Recoil

77
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

Osteons

78
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

Trabeculae

79
Q

Blood liquid

A

Plasma

80
Q

Lymph liquid

A

lymphocytes (WBC’s)

81
Q

Mucous membrane

A

opens to the exterior; possess goblet cells that secrete mucous
Esophagus

82
Q

Serous membrane

A

never open to the exterior

83
Q

Meninges

A

pleural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

84
Q

Synovial membrane

A

membranes that encapsulate joints, only connective tissue membrane

85
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant, makes up 90% of epidermis
Spikey
Filled with keratin protein – coated in hydrophobic molecules
Need protection from UV damage
Lamellar granules give waterproofing to skin

86
Q

Melanocytes

A

Makes up 8% - only in stratum basale layer
Tentacle – like
Melanin granules release by exocytosis; taken up by keratinocytes
Protects from UV damage
All bodies have same number of melanocytes
Number of melanin granules made = determines skin colour
Melanin granules determine skin pigment, lacking melanin = albinism

87
Q

Corneum

A

Superficial

88
Q

Lucidum

A

Thick skin only

89
Q

Granulosum

A

keratohyalin and lamellar granules

90
Q

Spinosum

A

melanocytes & langerhan cells

91
Q

Basale

A

produces keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, and discs

92
Q

Papillary region

A

Superficial portion of dermis (1/5th)
Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and elastic fibers
Contains dermal ridges (dermal papillae) housing blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings, capillary loops

93
Q

Reticular region

A

Deeper portion of the dermis (4/5th)
Dense irregular connective tissue with thick collagen and some elastic fibers
Spaces between fibers contain adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

94
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Prevent hairs from drying out, prevent water loss from skin, keep skin soft, inhibit growth of some bacteria

95
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Regulation of body temp, waste removal, stimulated during stress

96
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement

97
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Impede entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal, waterproof canal, prevent microbes from entering cells

98
Q

Superficial Wound Healing

A

Occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis
No Scar

99
Q

Deep Wound Healing

A

Occurs when an injury extends into dermis and subcutaneous layer
Leaves behind scar
Fibrosis ex. Keloid scars (overgrowth of skin)

100
Q

4 deep wound healing phases

A

Inflammatory → migratory phase → proliferative phase → maturation phase

101
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Information blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unties wound edges

102
Q

Migratory phase

A

Clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound

103
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Growth of epithelial cells beneath scab + continued growth of blood cells

104
Q

Maturation phase

A

Scab falls off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness

105
Q

Functions of skeletal tissue

A

Provide support
Protects the internal organs
Assists body movements – in conjunction with muscles
Mineral homeostasis – stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
Participates in blood cell production from red bone marrow – hematopoiesis
Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

106
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells
Undergo cell division when stimulated
Cells develop into osteoblasts (gap junctions)

107
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells
Synthesize/secrete collagen fibers
Forms bone extracellular matrix, become osteocytes
Deposits calcium/phosphorus from food
Initiate calcification

108
Q

Osteocytes

A

most abundant
Mature, primary cells in bone tissue
Maintains bone tissue/metabolism and nutrient exchange in blood

109
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Carves out bone, absorbing
Large cell; breaks down extracellular matrix
Develops from white blood cells
Remodels and bone resorption; calcium release
Ruffled border – folded plasma membrane; secretes digestive enzymes to underlying extracellular matrix that dissolves, releasing calcium to blood

110
Q

Spongy Bone - Trabecular

A

Lightweight interior bone. Always beneath a layer of compact bone. Provides tissue support and flexibility for tendon insertion

111
Q

Compact Bone - Cancellous

A

Strongest tissue. Provides protection and support. Resists stresses of weight and movement
Makes up: Diaphysis of long bone – Under periosteum

112
Q

Epiphyses

A

Both ends of bone

113
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

114
Q

Metaphysis

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis containing a growth plate on each end

115
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Remanent of the growth plate in adults

116
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering both epiphyses where the bone forms a joint

117
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space within diaphysis; containing bone marrow, lightens the weight of the bone. <Yellow - adults, red - infants>

118
Q

Periosteum

A

Surrounding diaphysis

119
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

120
Q

Muscle

A

organ
- Many fascicles
- Wrapped in epimysium

121
Q

Muscle fascicles

A

tissue
- Bundle of muscle fibers
- Wrapped in perimysium

122
Q

Muscle fiber

A

cell
- Many mesodermal cells (myoblasts)
- Wrapped in endomysium

123
Q

Myofibril

A

contractile organelle
- Made of repeated segments of sarcomeres; in a muscle fiber/cell

124
Q

Sarcomere

A

contractile
- Compartments where filaments are arranged inside myofibril

125
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds each muscle fibre

126
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds muscle fascicles

127
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds entire muscle organ

128
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER that stores and releases Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm when stimulated by a neuron.

129
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential. Pulls bone where muscle is shortened.

130
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability of muscular tissue stretch, within limits, without being damaged

131
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction/extension

132
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals – action potentials

133
Q

Actin (thin) = troponin + tropomyosin

A

Has myosin binding site where the myosin head of thick filament binds during contraction, can block myosin with regulatory protein

134
Q

Myosin (thick) = 2 head + 1 tail

A

Binds to myosin binding sites on actin during contraction. Myosin pulls actin in contraction (gets blocked by regulatory proteins).

135
Q

Regulatory

A

help switch contraction process on and off, allows myosin to bind to actin when somatic neurons stimulate a muscle fiber

136
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks myosin binding site so myosin cannot bind to actin

137
Q

Troponin

A

Moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules

138
Q

Titin

A

Connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere

139
Q

Myoglobin

A

gives red color to mm

140
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary
Moves bones
Multinucleated
Striated
Stimulated from somatic motor neurons
Limited capacity for regeneration due to satellite cells

141
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary
Only in heart wall
1 nucleus
Striated
Intercalated discs - desmosomes and gap junctions; electrical signals pass through

142
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Spindle-shaped/fusiform
1 nucleus
Not striated
Sends signals – sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system

143
Q

Motor unit

A

1 somatic motor neuron and branches + all the muscle fibers it innervates
FEW motor units = WEAK muscle contraction - recruited first
MANY motor units = STRONG muscle contraction - get signal last

144
Q

slow oxidative

A

in marathon runners. Least powerful muscles

145
Q

fast glycolic

A

weight/powerlifters. Anaerobic glycolysis

146
Q

fast oxidative-glycolytic

A

Walking and sprinting

AP 1 (24 decks)

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