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AP 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane

A

Lipids
Proteins

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Organelles

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

flexible yet sturdy barrier ; surrounds / contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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6
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

forms structural framework of the plasma membrane

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7
Q

The 3 lipid molecules

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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8
Q

Amphiphilic (weak)

A

molecule having both Hydrophilic & hydrophobic components
•Phospholipid

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9
Q

Glycocalyx (molecular signature)

A

made up by carbohydrate portion of glycolipids + glycoproteins

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10
Q

Types of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins

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11
Q

Integral (transmembrane) proteins

A

Goes through lipid bilayer

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12
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

goes through one side of bilayer

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13
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Ion channel
Carrier
Receptor
Enzyme
Linker
Cell identity maker

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14
Q

Ion channel (integral)

A
  • Forms a pore where a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.
  • Most plasma membranes have specific channels for common ions.
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15
Q

Carrier (integral)

A
  • Transports specific substance across membrane by changing in shape
  • also called “transporters”
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16
Q

Receptor (integral)

A
  • Recognizes specific ligand & alters cell’s function
  • Has specific side to bind to a ligand
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17
Q

Enzyme (integral & peripheral)

A
  • Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell
  • (depending on which direction the active site faces)
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18
Q

Linker (integral & peripheral)

A
  • Anchors filaments inside/outside plasma membrane
  • Provides structural stability & shape for cell.
  • Participates in movement of cell, or.. links 2 cells together.
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19
Q

Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

A
  • Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin)
  • Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins ~ every cell has this
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20
Q

Membranes

A

-fluid structures ; since most membrane lipids & membrane proteins move easily in bilayer

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21
Q

Cholesterol

A

stabilizes the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

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22
Q

Plasma membranes are..

A

selectively permeable

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23
Q

Lipid bilayers are..

A

Always permeable

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24
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

increase permeability of the membrane

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25
Q

Macromolecules

A

only able to pass through plasma membrane by “Vesicular transport”

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26
Q

Concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration of a chemical between both sides of the plasma membrane

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27
Q

Electrical gradient

A

difference in concentration of ions between both sides of the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

both concentration gradient & electrical gradient Together

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29
Q

Passive processes

A

1) Diffusion
2) Simple diffusion
3) Facilitated diffusion
4) Osmosis

30
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid portion of cytoplasm

31
Q

Organelles

A
  1. Centrosome
  2. Cilia & Flagella
  3. Ribosome
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  5. Golgi complex
  6. Lysosome Vesicle
  7. Peroxisome
  8. Proteasome
  9. Mitochondrion
32
Q

Centrosome

A

the microtubule organizing centre. Consists of a pair of centrioles in the pericentriolar matrix. Important for cell division, and the production of cilia

33
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

composed mainly of microtubules which project from the cell. Movement. Cilia move fluids along a cell’s surface. A flagellum moves an entire cell

34
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis

35
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules

36
Q

Rough ER

A

produces various proteins, surface is studded with ribosomes

37
Q

Smooth ER

A

a network of membrane tubules, does not have ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs

38
Q

Golgi complex

A

Modify, sort, and package proteins for transport to different destinations outside of the cell.. Proteins are transported by various vesicles

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generate ATP

40
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles that form from the Golgi complex, contain powerful digestive enzymes

41
Q

Peroxisomes

A

smaller than lysosomes, oxidize several toxic substances such as alcohol, abundant in the liver, neutralizes free radicals

42
Q

Proteasomes

A

continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins, found in the cytosol and the nucleus

43
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Consists of external & internal mitochondrial membranes
- Site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions - Produces most of a cell’s ATP.
- Important early role in apoptosis.

44
Q

Proteome

A

all of an organism’s proteins

45
Q

Promoter

A

segment of DNA where transcription begins; special nucleotide sequence at beginning of a gene

46
Q

Gene expression

A

a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

47
Q

Base Triplet

A

A sequence of three such nucleotides in DNA

48
Q

Genetic Code

A

set of rules for the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the specific amino acids

49
Q

Codon

A

base triplet transcribed to a complementary sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA ; codes for a particular amino acid in protein synthesis

50
Q

Anticodon

A

tri-nucleotide units in tRNA

51
Q

Stop Codon

A

when ribosome hits; the 2 subunits disatcosiate, tRNA falls off, mRNA falls off

52
Q

Types of protein synthesis

A

Transcription
Translation

53
Q

Transcription (inside nucleus)

A

• Genetic info from DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA
- Directs protein synthesis
• Info encoded in DNA is transcribed (copied)
- Produces specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• RNA moves into cytoplasm
- Binds with ribosome

54
Q

Translation (inside cytoplasm)

A

• RNA attaches to ribosome
• Info in RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids
- Forms new protein molecule
• Ribosome reads mRNA nucleotide sequence
- Determines amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

55
Q

DNA synthesis

A

process whereby a DNA makes a copy of itself

56
Q

Exons

A

protein coding regions

57
Q

Introns

A

non-coding protein region, between exons

58
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

59
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

directs the synthesis of a protein

60
Q

mRNA codon

A

Complementary to DNA (every A in DNA bonds to U in RNA)

61
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

62
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

binds to amino acid ; holds it on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein (translation)
• 1 end ~ carries amino acid
• 1 end ~ carries anticodon (triplet of nucleotides)

63
Q

tRNA codon

A

Complementary to DNA (every T in DNA bonds to A in RNA)

64
Q

Cell division

A

process by which cells reproduce themselves

65
Q

Mitosis phase

A

Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes

66
Q

Interphase

A

Period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under light microscope

67
Q

Interphase phases

A

• 1. G1 phase — (8-10 hours)
• 2. S phase — (8 hours)
• 3. G2 phase — (4-6 hours)
• 4. G0 phase — non-dividing cell that exited from cell cycle after mitosis

68
Q

G1 phase

A
  • Active cell duplicates organelles / cytosolic components
  • Replication of chromosomes begins.
69
Q

S phase

A

Replication of DNA & centrosomes

70
Q

G2 phase

A
  • Cell growth, enzyme & protein synthesis continue;
  • Replication of centrosomes complete.

AP 1 (24 decks)

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