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AP 1 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscular tissues

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
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2
Q

Skeletal appearance

A

multi-nucleated and striated

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3
Q

Cardiac appearance

A

one nucleus, striated, and intercalated discs

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4
Q

Smooth muscles tissue appearance

A

one nucleus and no striations

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5
Q

Smooth muscle location

A

Various organs like hollow

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6
Q

Functions of muscular tissue

A

◼ Producing body movements
◼ Stabilizing body positions
◼ Storing and mobilizing substances within the body
◼ Generating heat

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7
Q

Properties of Muscular Tissue

A

◼ Electrical excitability
◼ Contractility
◼ Extensibility
◼ Elasticity

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8
Q

Epimysium

A

outer layer; dense irregular connective tissue; Surrounds entire muscle organ

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9
Q

Perimysium

A

middle layer; dense irregular connective tissue; Surrounds 10 - 100+ muscle fibers, creating bundles “fascicles”

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10
Q

Endomysium

A

inner layer; areolar connective tissue; Surrounds each muscle cell/fibre; made of mostly fine reticular fibers

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11
Q

Z discs

A

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next.

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12
Q

A band

A

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments.

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13
Q

I band

A

Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes through center of each I band.

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14
Q

H zone

A

Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.

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15
Q

M line

A

Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.

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16
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

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17
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

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18
Q

Contractile muscle proteins

A

Myosin
Actin

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19
Q

Regulatory

A

Troponin
Tropomyosin

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20
Q

Structural muscle proteins

A

Titin
Nebulin
Alpha-actin
Myomesin
Dystrophin

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21
Q

Myosin

A

Contractile protein that makes up thick filament; molecule consists of a tail and two myosin heads, which bind to myosin-binding sites on actin molecules of thin filament during muscle contraction

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22
Q

Actin

A

Contractile protein that is the main component of thin filament; each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site where myosin head of thick filament binds during muscle contraction.

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Organ made up of fascicles that contain muscle fibers (cells), blood vessels, and nerves; wrapped in epimysium.

24
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium.

25
Q

Muscle fiber cell

A

Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium and sarcolemma; contains sarcoplasm, myofibrils, many peripherally located nuclei, mitochondria, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and terminal cisterns. The fiber has a striated appearance.

26
Q

Myofibril

A

Threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber; composed of filaments.

27
Q

Filaments (myofilaments)

A

Contractile proteins within myofibrils that are of two types: thick filaments composed of myosin and thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening.

28
Q

The Sliding Filament Mechanism

A

◼ Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament to slide inward
◼ Consequently, Z discs move toward each other, and the sarcomere shortens

29
Q

The contraction cycle

A

1) myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and oriented
2) myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge
3) myosin head pivots, pulling the thin filament past the thick filament toward the centre of the sacromere (power stroke)
4) as myosin head binds ATP, the cross-bridge detaches from actin

30
Q

The force of a muscle contraction depends on the

A

length of the sarcomeres in a muscle prior to contraction

31
Q

Creatine phosphate provides

A

15 seconds of energy

32
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis provides

A

2 minutes of energy

33
Q

Cellular respiration provides

A

Several minutes to hours of energy

34
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from CP to ADP to rapidly yield ATP

35
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

When CP stores are depleted, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid to generate ATP

36
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid can enter the mitochondria and undergo a series of oxygen-requiring reactions to generate large amounts of ATP

37
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

38
Q

The onset of fatigue is due to

A

❑ Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
❑ Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients
❑ Build up of lactic acid and ADP
❑ Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ

39
Q

Central fatigue occurs due to

A

changes in the central nervous system and generally results in cessation of exercise

40
Q

Why do you continue to breathe heavily for a period of time after stopping exercise?

A

To “pay back” your oxygen debt!

41
Q

extra oxygen goes toward

A

❑ Replenishing CP stores
❑ Converting lactate into pyruvate
❑ Reloading O2 onto myoglobin

42
Q

A motor unit consists of

A

a somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

43
Q

Activating only a few motor units will generally result in

A

a weak muscle contraction

44
Q

Activating many motor units will generally result in

A

a strong muscle contraction

45
Q

Motor unit recruitment is the process in which

A

the number of active motor units increases

46
Q

Weakest motor units are recruited

A

First

47
Q

Twitch contraction

A

brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential

48
Q

Wave summation occurs when a

A

second action potential triggers muscle contraction before the first contraction has finished
❑ Results in a stronger contraction

49
Q

Tone is established by

A

the alternating, involuntary activation of small groups of motor units in a muscle

50
Q

Isotonic

A

tension is constant while muscle length changes
❑ Concentric
❑ Eccentric

51
Q

Isometric

A

muscle contracts but does not change length

52
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Picking up a book

53
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Lowering a book

54
Q

Between 30–50 years of age, about 10% of our muscle tissue is replaced by

A

fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

55
Q

Between 50–80 years of age another 40% of

A

our muscle tissue is replaced

56
Q

Consequences to aging is muscles is

A

❑ Muscle strength and flexibility decreases
❑ Reflexes slow
❑ Slow oxidative fiber numbers increase

AP 1 (24 decks)

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