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AP 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system consists of

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Oil
  • Sweat glands
  • Nails
  • Sensory receptors
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2
Q

Function

A
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Converts inactive vitamin D to active form
  • Provides sensory info
  • Maintains homeostasis
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial layer ; no blood vessels

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4
Q

Dermis

A

deeper layer ; contains blood vessels

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5
Q

Hypodermis

A

deep to dermis; not a layer of skin
• composed of: Areolar tissue + Adipose tissue

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6
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

more prominent in thick skin ; fingerprint ridges

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7
Q

Free nerve ending

A

exposed of sensory nerve ending

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8
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

some have sensory receptors, some have capillary loop; under dermal papillae

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9
Q

Papillary region

A

superficial part of dermis; few collagen fibres ~ (Loose areolar connective tissue)

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10
Q

Reticular region

A

deep part of dermis

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11
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

attached to hair follicles; causes hair to stand/straighten (goosebumps)

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12
Q

Hair follicle

A

protects hair root ; each follicle wrapped in nerve

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13
Q

Lamellate corpuscle

A

Between reticular region + hypodermis, sinks deeper into dermis with age; connective covering around body “bulb-like” ~ detect deep pressure/vibration

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14
Q

Sensory nerves

A

branch and supply ; ending is wrapped in connective layer

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15
Q

Blood vessels

A

diameter~ outgoing (vein) , incoming (artery + branches) to skin to provide O2 and nutrition to skin

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16
Q

4 major Cell Types in Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intraepidermal macrophages
Tactile epithelial cells

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17
Q

Keratinocytes

A

• most abundant; spikey
- Makes up 90% of epidermis
• filled with keratin protein ~coated in hydrophobic molecules
• need protection from UV damage

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

• fewer than ^ ; tentacle-like
- Makes up 8% — only in stratum basale layer
• melanin granules released by exocytosis ; taken up by keratinocytes
• protects from UV damage
• all bodies have same # of melanocytes

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19
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cell)

A

• phagocytosis; eats pathogens; p
• cell of immune system but protects skin from entering pathogens; • main function: immune surveillance
• release chemicals into blood that rush to site of infection.

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20
Q

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cell)

A

• light touch;
• dendrite ending (sensory neuron) + Tactile/Merkel cell = Tactile/Merkel disc

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21
Q

Thin skin layers

A

• Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Corneum

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22
Q

Thick skin layers

A

• Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Lucidum
• Stratum Corneum

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23
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • Deepest Layer
  • 1 Row Of Cuboidal Or Columnar Keratinocytes
    • Has Scattered Keratin Intermediate Filaments (Little To None Filaments);
  • Stem Cells Undergo Mitosis — Cell Division
    • Produce New Keratinocytes; Melanocytes + Tactile Epithelial Cells; Tactile Discs
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24
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • 8-10 Rows Of Many-Sided Keratinocytes
  • • Has Bundles Of Keratin Intermediate Filaments;
    Spikey, Sharp Process
  • Contains Melanocytes + Intraepidermal Macrophages.
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25
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 8-10 Rows Of Many-Sided Keratinocytes
  • • Has Bundles Of Keratin Intermediate Filaments;
    Spikey, Sharp Process
  • Contains Melanocytes + Intraepidermal Macrophages.
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26
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • 4-6 Rows Of Clear, Flat, Dead Keratinocytes
  • Large Amounts Of Keratin
  • Only In Skin Of Fingertips, Palms, + Soles
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27
Q

Stratum cornuem

A
  • Superficial Layer
  • Hard/Rough
  • Few To 50+ Rows Of Dead, Flat Keratinocytes - Contain Mostly Keratin.
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28
Q

Melanin

A

produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale

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29
Q

Pheomelanin

A

darker pigment

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30
Q

Eumelanin

A

lighter pigment

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31
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red pigment in red blood cells

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32
Q

Carotene

A

a yellow-orange pigment stored in the stratum corneum + adipose tissue

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33
Q

Albinism

A

a congenital disorder ; absence of pigment in skin, hair, & eyes
• Lacking enzyme (defective gene) involved in the production of melanin

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34
Q

Vitiligo

A

a chronic disorder; causes depigmentation patches in skin. • Combo of: genetic factors + autoimmune disease

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35
Q

Hair

A

on most body surfaces EXCEPT palms + fingers tips + soles of feet • Composed of: Dead, Keratinized epidermal cells

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36
Q

Shaft

A

above skin surface

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37
Q

Follicle

A

below level of skin

38
Q

Root

A

penetrates into dermis

39
Q

Hair Growth Stages

A

• 1. Growth stage
• 2. Regression stage
• 3. Resting stage — 15% of hair is not growing

40
Q

Types of Hairs

A

Lanugo
Terminal
Vellus

41
Q

Lanugo

A

covers body of fetus

42
Q

Terminal

A

Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs

43
Q

Vellus

A

short, fine, pale hairs

44
Q

Hair colour

A

due to amount + type of melanin present in keratinized cells of hair

45
Q

4 types of skin glands:

A

4 types of skin glands:
• 1. Sebaceous (oil) glands
• 2. Eccrine sweat glands
• 3. Apocrine sweat glands
• 4. Ceruminous glands

46
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

connected to hair follicles

47
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

most numerous

48
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

located in hairy skin areas

49
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

modified sweat glands ; located in ear canal

50
Q

Nails

A

made of keratinized epidermal cells

51
Q

Free edge

A

extends past the finger or toe

52
Q

Nail body (plate)

A

visible portion of the nail

53
Q

Nail Bed

A

skin below the nail plate

54
Q

Lunula

A

thick, white part of the nail

55
Q

Eponychium (cuticle)

A

stratum corneum of the epidermis

56
Q

Nail root

A

portion that is not visible

57
Q

Hyponychium

A

secures nail to the fingertip

58
Q

Nail matrix

A

epithelium proximal to the nail root; contains dividing cells, which
produce new nail cells

59
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • Sweat
  • Blood flow to Dermis
60
Q

Blood reservoir

A
  • Dermis layer — has many blood vessels
    • Can hold 8–10% of total blood flow while adult is at rest!
61
Q

Keratin

A

protects tissues from: microbes + abrasion + heat + chemicals

62
Q

Lipids

A

released by lamellar granules ; prevent evaporation of water from skin, helping dehydration

63
Q

Sebum

A

from sebaceous glands; keeps skin + hairs from drying out

64
Q

Acidic sweat

A

slows growth of microbes

65
Q

Melanin

A

helps shield against UV light

66
Q

Macrophages

A

regulates + phagocytes bacteria

67
Q

Tactile sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration, tickle

68
Q

Thermal sensations

A

warm, cool

69
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of substances from body

70
Q

Absorption

A

passage of materials from external environment into cells

71
Q

Ultraviolet rays

A

activate precursor molecule in skin ; allows vitamin D to be made

72
Q

Vitamin D (Calcitriol)

A

aids absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract

73
Q

Epidermal Wound Healing occurs when

A

superficial wounds affect only the epidermis

74
Q

Deep Wound Healing Occurs when

A

an injury extends into dermis + subcutaneous layer

75
Q

Deep wound healing phases

A

Inflammatory
Migratory
Proliferative
Maturation

76
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

inflammation; blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites wound edges

77
Q

Migratory phase

A

clot becomes a scab; epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound

78
Q

Proliferative phase

A

growth of epithelial cells beneath scab + continued growth of blood vessels

79
Q

Maturation phase

A

scab falls off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness

80
Q

Fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue

81
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

remains in the boundaries of original wound

82
Q

Keloid scar

A

extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues

83
Q

Age associated changes

A

• Wrinkles
• Dehydration + cracking
• Sweat production decreases
• # of functional melanocytes decrease = grey hair + atypical skin pigmentation
• Subcutaneous fat lost —> skin thickness decreases
• Nails = more brittle

84
Q

Epidermis develops from

A

Ectoderm

85
Q

Dermis develops from

A

Mesoderm

86
Q

Most common cause of Skin Cancer

A

Excessive exposure to UV light

87
Q

1st degree burn

A

Into epidermis

88
Q

2nd degree burn

A

Into dermis

89
Q

3rd degree burn

A

Into subcutaneous layer

90
Q

Pressure Ulcers

A

shedding of epithelium by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues

91
Q

Age increases

A

susceptibility to pressure ulcers (“bed sores”)

AP 1 (24 decks)

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