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AP 1 > Chapter 6 Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

organ made up of several different tissues (bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose, and nervous tissue) working together

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2
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Provides support
  2. Protects the internal organs (brain, heart,
    etc.)
  3. Assists body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
  4. Mineral homeostasis - stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
  5. Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis)
  6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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3
Q

A long bone consists of

A

❑ Diaphysis
❑ 2 epiphyses
❑ 2 metaphyses
❑ Articular cartilage covering both epiphyses
❑ Periosteum
❑ Medullary cavity
❑ Endosteum

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4
Q

Bone contains an abundant

A

extracellular matrix

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5
Q

extracellular matrix

A

15% water, 30% collagen, and 55% crystalized mineral salts

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6
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
Develops into an osteoblast

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7
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells that secrete matrix
Forms bone extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
Maintains bone tissue

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

remodel bones and cause them to release calcium
Functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Compact bone

A

good at providing protection and support

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11
Q

Spongy bone

A

lightweight and provides tissue support

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12
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals. They are accompanied by periosteal veins

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13
Q

nutrient artery

A

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal

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14
Q

The metaphyses and epiphyses also have their own

A

arteries and veins

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15
Q

Ossification

A

process of bone formation

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16
Q

Bones form in 4 situations

A

❑ During embryological and fetal development
❑ When bones grow before adulthood
❑ When bones remodel
❑ When fractures heal

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17
Q

Ossification takes place in 2 forms

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

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18
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in

A

flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

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19
Q

Endochondral ossification replaces

A

cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus

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20
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs in

A

epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

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21
Q

Bones thicken - thanks to

A

the cooperative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

22
Q

As osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface, osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within

A

True

23
Q

Bones store 99% of the body’s

A

Calcium

24
Q

The parathyroid gland secretes _______ when calcium levels drop

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

25
Q

Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase

A

bone resorption and calcium is released

26
Q

PTH also stimulates the production of _______ by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines

A

calcitriol

27
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

A

secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland when calcium levels increase above normal

28
Q

Osteoblasts deposit calcium in the extracellular matrix by

A

inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts

29
Q

CT is an antagonist of PTH and vice versa

A

True

30
Q

Calcium and phosphorus make

A

bone extracellular matrix hard

31
Q

Magnesium

A

Helps form bone extracellular matrix

32
Q

Fluoride

A

Helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix.

33
Q

Manganese

A

Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix

34
Q

Vitamin A

A

Needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses.

35
Q

Vitamin C

A

Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of broken bones

36
Q

Vitamin D

A

Active form (calcitriol) is produced by the kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract into blood; deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth; may reduce the risk of osteoporosis but is toxic if taken in high doses. People who have minimal exposure to ultraviolet rays or do not take vitamin D supplements may not have sufficient vitamin D to absorb calcium. This interferes with calcium metabolism.

37
Q

Vitamins K and B12

A

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density.

38
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulin-like growth factors

39
Q

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

A

Secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by
stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone.

40
Q

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

A

Secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts.

41
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins.

42
Q

Sex hormones
(Estrogen and testosterone)

A

Secreted by the ovaries in women (estrogens) and by the testes in men (testosterone); stimulate osteoblasts and promote the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years; shut down growth at the epiphyseal plates
around age 18-21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end; contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone resorption by osteoclasts and promoting bone deposition by osteoblasts.

43
Q

Exercise

A

Weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and, consequently, help build thicker, stronger bones and retard loss of bone mass that occurs as people age.

44
Q

Aging

A

As the level of sex hormones diminishes during middle age to older adulthood, especially in women after menopause, bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

45
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft

46
Q

2 epiphyses

A

Both ends of the bone at the joints

47
Q

2 metaphyses

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis

48
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers both epiphyses

49
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

50
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space within diaphysis

51
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

AP 1 (24 decks)

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