Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has matter and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

O

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

C

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Na

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

O, C, H, N

A

Make up the majority of elements in our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg and Fe

A

Make up lesser elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxygen

A

65%
used to generate ATP, a molecule
used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbon

A

18%
Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleIc acids (DNA and RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrogen

A

9.5%
Constituent of water and most organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nitrogen

A

3.2%
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Subatomic particles in atoms

A

protons (p+), neutrons (n0) and electrons (e-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Atomic mass/weight

A

the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Compound

A

substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Free radical

A

is an atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antioxidants

A

substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical bond

A

Occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cations elements

A

H+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anions elements

A

F-, Cl-, I-, OH-, HCO3-, O2-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ionic compounds exist as

A

Soilds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ionic bonds are manly found in

A

Teeth and bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electrolytes form when

A

An ionic compound breaks apart in + or - ions in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When 2 or more atoms share electrons rather than donating/receiving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atoms form covalently bonded molecules by

A

Sharing one, two, or three pairs of valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can covalent bonds form between

A

Two similar atoms or atoms of different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

O=O

A

Total of 4 electrons will be shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons equally, hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons between 2 atoms is unequal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds that result from attraction of oppositely charges parts of molecules
Stabilize molecular structure of large molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Many hydrogen bonds together make them

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cohesion

A

the tendency of like particles to stay together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give

A

Water cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Surface tension

A

a measure of the difficulty of
stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid
Created by hydrogen bonds

40
Q

Chemical reactions occur when

A

new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken

41
Q

Reactants

A

starting substances

42
Q

Products

A

ending substances

43
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

44
Q

Types of energy

A

❑ Potential energy
❑ Kinetic energy
❑ Chemical energy

45
Q

Laws of conversation of energy

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

46
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release more energy than is consumes

47
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Use more energy than it produces

48
Q

Activation reaction

A

Ensure more products will be formed, add energy

49
Q

Types of chemical reactions

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Decomposition
  3. Exchange
  4. Reversible
  5. Oxidation-reduction
50
Q

Synthesis

A

A+B—>AB

51
Q

Decomposition

A

AB—>A+B

52
Q

Exchange

A

AC+BD—>AB+CD

53
Q

Reversible

A

A+B<—>AB

54
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons and energy release

55
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons and energy gain

56
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

usually lack carbon and are simple molecules

57
Q

Organic compound

A

always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds

58
Q

Water

A

the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things, has a high heat capacity, helps reduce friction as membranes

59
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Water is added to break bonds

60
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Water is removed to break bonds

61
Q

Mixture

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

62
Q

3 types of mixtures

A
  1. Solution
  2. Colloid
  3. Suspension
63
Q

Acid

A

H+
1-6

64
Q

Base

A

OH-
8-14

65
Q

Salt

A

(+) + (-)

66
Q

Buffer system

A

help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
Helps maintain homeostasis

67
Q

Enzymes

A

a catalyst in a living cell
Enzymes are:
❑ Highly specific
❑ Extremely efficient
❑ Subject to cellular controls

68
Q

Organic compounds always contain

A

Carbon

69
Q

Carbon compounds

A

do not dissolve easily in water
are a good source of energy

70
Q

Carbohydrates

A

provide most of the energy needed for life

71
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars that contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms

72
Q

Disaccharides

A

simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

73
Q

Polysaccharides

A

from tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

74
Q

Glucose

A

The main blood sugar
Monosaccharides

75
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose

76
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

77
Q

All steroids have

A

4 rings of carbon atoms, individual rings are designated by the letters A, B, C, D

78
Q

Proteins

A

Give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes

79
Q

Structural

A

Form structural framework of various parts of the body

80
Q

Regulatory

A

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system

81
Q

Contractile

A

Allow shorting of muscle cells, which produces movement

82
Q

Immunological

A

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

83
Q

Transport

A

Carry vital substances throughout the body

84
Q

Catalytic

A

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions

85
Q

Amino acids

A

Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids

86
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Help you determine what kind of protein it is

87
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence

88
Q

Secondary structure

A

Twisting and folding of neighbouring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

89
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain (final stage)

90
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

91
Q

DNA

A

Forms the genetic code in the nuclei of the body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities

92
Q

RNA

A

Guides protein formation

93
Q

DNA components

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine

94
Q

RNA components

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine

95
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A five carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to each base in DNA

96
Q

Phosphate group

A

Alternate with pentose sugars to form the backbone of DNA strand

AP 1 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions