Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure
Physiology
Study of how body parts function
Levels of organization
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Types of tissues
Epithelial, nervous, muscular, connective
Non invasive diagnostic techniques
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Inspection
Examining body for any change
Palpation
Examining body surface by gently touching with hands
Auscultation
Listening to body sounds to verify the functioning of certain organs
Percussion
Tapping the body surface with finger tips
Basic life processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes in the body
Responsiveness
The ability of the body to detect and respond to changes
Movement
Motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, tiny structures within the cell
Growth
Increase size of the body either by an increase in the size of existing cells (hypertrophy) or by increase in the number of cells through cell division (hyperplasia) or both
Differentiation
development of a cell from an unspecialized state (stem cell) to a specialized state (mature cell)
Reproduction
formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, replacement or formation of a new individual
Systems of the human body
Skin
Bones and joints
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Silly Bonnie must not even care Larry really did us right
Autopsy
Post mortem examination of the body
Biopsy
Examination of tissue from a living individual
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
Intracellular fluid
Within cells
Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
Outside the cell
What is cell survival dependant on
Precise regulation of chemical composition of their surrounding fluid of ECF
Homeostasis imbalances occur because of
Disruptions from internal or external environments
Components of a feedback loop
Receptors
Control Center
Effectors
Receptors
Send nerve impulses or chemical signals to control Center
Control Center
Receive the input and provide nerve impulses or chemical signals to effectors
Effectors
Bring about a change
Interstitial fluid
ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells
Negative feedback system
reverses a change in the controlled condition. Brings you back to homeostasis
Positive feedback system
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change of the body’s controlled conditions, response, will be exaggerated, stops when stimulus isn’t there
When homeostasis is disrupted it may result in
Disease
Disorder
Death
Factors that can affect your health
genetic make-up, the air you breathe, the food you eat, and the thoughts you think
Disorder
Any abnormality of structure or function
Disease
More specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Signs
manifestation of a disease that is noted by an observer
(e.g., temperature 39°C, joint looks red and swollen)
Symptoms
Subjective complaint made by person with disease (e.a. “I feel hot. “It hurts)
Head (cephalic)
Skull and face
Neck (cervical)
Supports the head and attaches to the trunk
Trunk (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)
Chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Upper limb
Attached to trunk
Lower limb
Attaches to trunk
Supine
Laying on back
Prone
Laying on belly
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain
Vertebral cavity
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
Pleural cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
Pericardial cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Abdominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Membranes
Simple organs
 mucus membrane
Directly open to the outside, mouth, anus, nose
Serous membrane
thin, double-layered membranes that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen, reduces friction
Pleura
Contains right pleura cavity, parietal pleura, and visceral pleura. Covers lungs
Pericardium
Contains parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, and visceral pericardium, covers the heart
Peritoneum
covers many of the abdominal organ
Retroperitoneal
classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it
Aging
Progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Necrosis
Pathological cell death
