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AP 1 > Final😳 Nervous And Blood > Flashcards

Final😳 Nervous And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

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2
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and digest

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3
Q

Sensory (PNS)

A

sense changes through sensory receptors into the CNS

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4
Q

Motor (CNS)

A

respond to stimuli, transmitting position to effector

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5
Q

Integrative (PNS)

A

analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

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6
Q

Neurons

A

conduct nerve impulses and transmit information, electrically excitable

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7
Q

primary nerve cells

A

Identify nervous tissue

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8
Q

action potentials

A

transmits signals as nerve impulses

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9
Q

Neurons function

A

sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity, regulating glandular secretions. Can NOT undergo mitotic divisions

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive stimuli

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11
Q

Cell body

A

Receives stimuli and produces EPSP’s and IPSP’s through activation

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12
Q

Axon hillock

A

Trigger zone in many neurons

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13
Q

Axon

A

Propagates nerve impulses from initial segments to axon terminals

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14
Q

Axon terminals

A

Inflow of Ca+ caused by depolarizing phase of nerve impulse triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles

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15
Q

Unipolar (pseudo) PNS → CNS

A

1 short process sticks out of body
Less common
Found in: PNS, sensory system
Dendrites + 1 axon fused together – forms 1 continuous process
Sends sensory info to CNS

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16
Q

Bipolar

A

2 short neuronal processes – dendrite and axon, stick out of body
Rare, least common
Found in: sensory systems, eyes or nose
1 main dendrite and 1 axon
Axon goes into cranial cavity

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17
Q

Multipolar

A

3+ short processes stick out of body
MOST COMMON
Found in: Most cells
Several dendrites + 1 axon
Can synapse with many

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18
Q

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

A
  • Sense info through sensory receptors – sends into toward nervous system
  • In PNS: unipolar neurons
  • Location: distal ends (dendrites) or just after sensory receptors
  • Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
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19
Q

Motor/Efferent neurons

A
  • Transmits impulses/stimuli away from CNS – muscles and glands
  • In PNS: multipolar neurons
  • Bring action potentials to effectors in PNS thru cranial or spinal nerves
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20
Q

Inter/Association Neurons

A
  • Transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons
  • In CNS: multipolar neurons
  • Between sensory and motor neurons
  • Analyze incoming sensory info, stores, makes behavioral decisions
  • Processes incoming sensory info (sensory neurons) – activates motor neurons – motor response
  • Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
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21
Q

Ganglion

A

a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

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22
Q

Sensory receptor

A

A structure that monitors a change (stimulus) in the outside or inside environment

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23
Q

Enteric plexuses

A

collection of several neurons that interconnect within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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24
Q

Integration

A

process of processing incoming sensory information and analyzing the information to make decisions for appropriate responses.

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25
Q

Effectors

A

cell, tissue or organs that respond by carrying out the action

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26
Q

Nissl bodies

A

are aggregations of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus in the cell body of a neuron. They synthesize neurotransmitters.

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27
Q

Neurofibril

A

are intermediate filaments (part of cytoskeletal proteins) that provide the neuron its shape and support.

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28
Q

Lipofusion

A

age-related yellowish-brown granules that accumulate within the neurons as they age

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29
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheaths found between two adjacent segments along the axon

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30
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty lipid and protein structure that surround the axon to provide protection and insulation. In the CNS, they are made by the oligodendrocytes while in the PNS, they are made by the Schwann cells

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31
Q

Axon terminals

A

are the several fine terminal branches of the axon or the axon collaterals

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32
Q

Synaptic end bulbs

A

are the button-shaped or bulb-like swelling at the end of the axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters.

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33
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

are sac-like structures that contain neurotransmitters in the synaptic end bulb. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles results in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

are the chemical messengers released by the neurons that are used in chemical communication with the nervous system and with other body systems

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35
Q

AP or GP production depends on

A

existence of resting membrane potential and certain ion channels

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36
Q

Sodium potassium pump restores

A

membrane potential to resting membrane potential

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37
Q

Graded Potential

A

Allows communication over short distances only. Dendrite or cell body.

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38
Q

Action Potential

A

Allows communication over short and long distances. Only in the axons

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39
Q

3 sodium goes out of neuron and brings

A

2 potassium in at the expense of 1 ATP

40
Q

What factor affects the speed of impulse of conduction in a nerve fiber?

A

Myelin sheath
Diameter
Temperature

41
Q

Neuroglia

A

supports the cells that nourish, protect, or myelinate the neurons
Not electrically excitable
Make up ½ the volume of the nervous system; 1:50 ratio (neuron:neuroglia)
Can multiply/divide
Forms scar tissue - stroma cells
6 kinds total (4 = CNS, 2 = PNS)

42
Q

Astrocytes

A

*most numerous. Responsible for providing support, nourishing neurons, and protecting neurons from noxious chemicals by way of forming blood-brain-barrier

43
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for myelinating CNS axons only

44
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells of the CNS that clear the cellular debris

45
Q

Ependymal cells

A

blood brain barrier. Specialized neuroglia found lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord and creates a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

46
Q

Schwann cells

A

responsible for myelinating PNS axons (nerve fibers); play an important role in PNS axonal regeneration

47
Q

Satellite cells

A

flat neuroglia that surrounds the cell bodies of PNS neurons providing support and involved in nutrient and waste exchange as well

48
Q

Epineurium

A

covers entire nerve

49
Q

Perineurium

A

covers fascicle

50
Q

Endoneurium

A

covers cell

51
Q

Blood functions

A

Transports
Regulates homeostasis
Protects

52
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone released into kidneys when our body experiences hypoxia (low oxygen).

53
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

process of formation of all elements of the blood (in the red bone marrow)

54
Q

Blood Plasma(55%) (ECM of blood)

A

Proteins(7%), Water(91.5%), Other solutes(1.5%)

55
Q

Proteins(7%)

A

Albumins(54%), Globulins(38%), Fibrinogen(7%), Others(1%)

56
Q

Formed Elements(45%)

A

Platelets(150,000-400,000), White Blood Cells(5000-10,000), Red Blood Cells(4.8-5.4 million)

57
Q

Platelets & White Blood Cells

A

Neutrophils(60-70%)

58
Q

Red Blood Cells (most abundant)

A

Lymphocytes(20-25%), Monocytes(3-8%), Eosinophils(2-4%), Basophils(0.5-1%)

59
Q

What constitutes formed elements?

A

cells or cell fragments that are formed in the red bone marrow, they include the erythrocytes (RBC’s), leukocytes (WBC’s) and thrombocytes

60
Q

cellular fragments

A

formed from a large cell in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Thrombo = clot)

61
Q

Most numerous formed element

A

erythrocyte (RBC’s)

62
Q

Has a nucleus

A

leukocytes

63
Q

Lymphocytes

A

(20-40% of your WBC’s): able to live for years while most other blood cells live for hours, days, or weeks

64
Q

Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

A

The process of producing blood cells

65
Q

The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are

A

specialized and are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood coming into the kidney. These cells release erythropoietin when the oxygen level is low in the kidney (AKA cellular hypoxia)

66
Q

Plasma

A

contains proteins, fibrinogen (proteins, water, other solutes) – centrifuging whole blood in a test-tube

67
Q

Serum

A

is plasma minus fibrinogen

68
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells
**Contain nucleus

69
Q

Granular

A

containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained

70
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

71
Q

Agranular

A

containing no granules

72
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

73
Q

Most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

74
Q

Largest WBC

A

monocytes

75
Q

Which are phagocytic?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils

76
Q

Most abundant to least

A

Neutrophils → Lymphocytes → Monocytes → Eosinophils → Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

77
Q

Neutrophil

A

Attracted to neutral dyes
Most numerous 60-70%
First to reach site of inflammation

78
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Two types = T cells or B cells (modified B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and immunoglobulins)
Important in immunity

79
Q

Monocyte

A

Largest WBC
Bean/kidney shaped nucleus
Seen in chronic infections and inflammation

80
Q

Eosinophil

A

Eosin is an acidic dye, cells are attached to this stain; cytoplasm will stain orange/pink
Many coarse granules in the cytoplasm
More abundant during allergic reaction to intra cellular parasite (child who has worms)

81
Q

Basophil

A

Attracted to stain or dye
Cytoplasm will stain blue/purple
Many coarse granules in cytoplasm
Contain biogenic amines such as histamines - vasodilation
Released during allergies (hives, hay fever etc

82
Q

Which WBC’s are phagocytic?

A

Monocytes (macrophages)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

83
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells, lifespan is approximately 120 days maximum.

84
Q

Anemia

A

RBC ↓ lacking healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues

85
Q

Polycythemia

A

RBC ↑ Less plasma, thick soup like
bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots, cold extremities.

86
Q

Leukocytosis

A

↑ is an elevation in the absolute WBC count (>10,000 cells/μL).

87
Q

Leukopenia

A

↓ is a reduction in the WBC count (<3500 cells/μL).

88
Q

Plasma Cell

A

A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.
Produces antibodies - only protein in plasma that’s not made in the liver

Modified B lymphocyte that makes antibodies

89
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of flow of blood/bleeding involves three basic steps:

vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation

90
Q

Coagulation

A

clotting factors promote the formation of fibrin clot

91
Q

Hemophilia

A

missing coagulation factor

92
Q

Type A compatibility

A

A, O

93
Q

Type B compatibility

A

B, O

94
Q

Type AB compatibility

A

A, B, AB, O

95
Q

Type O compatibility

A

O

AP 1 (24 decks)

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