Final😳 Nervous And Blood Flashcards
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and digest
Sensory (PNS)
sense changes through sensory receptors into the CNS
Motor (CNS)
respond to stimuli, transmitting position to effector
Integrative (PNS)
analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Neurons
conduct nerve impulses and transmit information, electrically excitable
primary nerve cells
Identify nervous tissue
action potentials
transmits signals as nerve impulses
Neurons function
sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity, regulating glandular secretions. Can NOT undergo mitotic divisions
Dendrites
Receive stimuli
Cell body
Receives stimuli and produces EPSP’s and IPSP’s through activation
Axon hillock
Trigger zone in many neurons
Axon
Propagates nerve impulses from initial segments to axon terminals
Axon terminals
Inflow of Ca+ caused by depolarizing phase of nerve impulse triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles
Unipolar (pseudo) PNS → CNS
1 short process sticks out of body
Less common
Found in: PNS, sensory system
Dendrites + 1 axon fused together – forms 1 continuous process
Sends sensory info to CNS
Bipolar
2 short neuronal processes – dendrite and axon, stick out of body
Rare, least common
Found in: sensory systems, eyes or nose
1 main dendrite and 1 axon
Axon goes into cranial cavity
Multipolar
3+ short processes stick out of body
MOST COMMON
Found in: Most cells
Several dendrites + 1 axon
Can synapse with many
Sensory/Afferent Neurons
- Sense info through sensory receptors – sends into toward nervous system
- In PNS: unipolar neurons
- Location: distal ends (dendrites) or just after sensory receptors
- Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
Motor/Efferent neurons
- Transmits impulses/stimuli away from CNS – muscles and glands
- In PNS: multipolar neurons
- Bring action potentials to effectors in PNS thru cranial or spinal nerves
Inter/Association Neurons
- Transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons
- In CNS: multipolar neurons
- Between sensory and motor neurons
- Analyze incoming sensory info, stores, makes behavioral decisions
- Processes incoming sensory info (sensory neurons) – activates motor neurons – motor response
- Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
Ganglion
a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Sensory receptor
A structure that monitors a change (stimulus) in the outside or inside environment
Enteric plexuses
collection of several neurons that interconnect within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Integration
process of processing incoming sensory information and analyzing the information to make decisions for appropriate responses.
Effectors
cell, tissue or organs that respond by carrying out the action
Nissl bodies
are aggregations of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus in the cell body of a neuron. They synthesize neurotransmitters.
Neurofibril
are intermediate filaments (part of cytoskeletal proteins) that provide the neuron its shape and support.
Lipofusion
age-related yellowish-brown granules that accumulate within the neurons as they age
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheaths found between two adjacent segments along the axon
Myelin sheath
fatty lipid and protein structure that surround the axon to provide protection and insulation. In the CNS, they are made by the oligodendrocytes while in the PNS, they are made by the Schwann cells
Axon terminals
are the several fine terminal branches of the axon or the axon collaterals
Synaptic end bulbs
are the button-shaped or bulb-like swelling at the end of the axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters.
Synaptic vesicles
are sac-like structures that contain neurotransmitters in the synaptic end bulb. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles results in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters
are the chemical messengers released by the neurons that are used in chemical communication with the nervous system and with other body systems
AP or GP production depends on
existence of resting membrane potential and certain ion channels
Sodium potassium pump restores
membrane potential to resting membrane potential
Graded Potential
Allows communication over short distances only. Dendrite or cell body.
Action Potential
Allows communication over short and long distances. Only in the axons
3 sodium goes out of neuron and brings
2 potassium in at the expense of 1 ATP
What factor affects the speed of impulse of conduction in a nerve fiber?
Myelin sheath
Diameter
Temperature
Neuroglia
supports the cells that nourish, protect, or myelinate the neurons
Not electrically excitable
Make up ½ the volume of the nervous system; 1:50 ratio (neuron:neuroglia)
Can multiply/divide
Forms scar tissue - stroma cells
6 kinds total (4 = CNS, 2 = PNS)
Astrocytes
*most numerous. Responsible for providing support, nourishing neurons, and protecting neurons from noxious chemicals by way of forming blood-brain-barrier
Oligodendrocytes
responsible for myelinating CNS axons only
Microglia
phagocytic cells of the CNS that clear the cellular debris
Ependymal cells
blood brain barrier. Specialized neuroglia found lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord and creates a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Schwann cells
responsible for myelinating PNS axons (nerve fibers); play an important role in PNS axonal regeneration
Satellite cells
flat neuroglia that surrounds the cell bodies of PNS neurons providing support and involved in nutrient and waste exchange as well
Epineurium
covers entire nerve
Perineurium
covers fascicle
Endoneurium
covers cell
Blood functions
Transports
Regulates homeostasis
Protects
Erythropoietin
hormone released into kidneys when our body experiences hypoxia (low oxygen).
Hematopoiesis
process of formation of all elements of the blood (in the red bone marrow)
Blood Plasma(55%) (ECM of blood)
Proteins(7%), Water(91.5%), Other solutes(1.5%)
Proteins(7%)
Albumins(54%), Globulins(38%), Fibrinogen(7%), Others(1%)
Formed Elements(45%)
Platelets(150,000-400,000), White Blood Cells(5000-10,000), Red Blood Cells(4.8-5.4 million)
Platelets & White Blood Cells
Neutrophils(60-70%)
Red Blood Cells (most abundant)
Lymphocytes(20-25%), Monocytes(3-8%), Eosinophils(2-4%), Basophils(0.5-1%)
What constitutes formed elements?
cells or cell fragments that are formed in the red bone marrow, they include the erythrocytes (RBC’s), leukocytes (WBC’s) and thrombocytes
cellular fragments
formed from a large cell in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Thrombo = clot)
Most numerous formed element
erythrocyte (RBC’s)
Has a nucleus
leukocytes
Lymphocytes
(20-40% of your WBC’s): able to live for years while most other blood cells live for hours, days, or weeks
Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
The process of producing blood cells
The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are
specialized and are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood coming into the kidney. These cells release erythropoietin when the oxygen level is low in the kidney (AKA cellular hypoxia)
Plasma
contains proteins, fibrinogen (proteins, water, other solutes) – centrifuging whole blood in a test-tube
Serum
is plasma minus fibrinogen
Leukocytes
white blood cells
**Contain nucleus
Granular
containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular
containing no granules
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
Most abundant WBC
neutrophils
Largest WBC
monocytes
Which are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils
Most abundant to least
Neutrophils → Lymphocytes → Monocytes → Eosinophils → Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil
Attracted to neutral dyes
Most numerous 60-70%
First to reach site of inflammation
Lymphocyte
Two types = T cells or B cells (modified B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and immunoglobulins)
Important in immunity
Monocyte
Largest WBC
Bean/kidney shaped nucleus
Seen in chronic infections and inflammation
Eosinophil
Eosin is an acidic dye, cells are attached to this stain; cytoplasm will stain orange/pink
Many coarse granules in the cytoplasm
More abundant during allergic reaction to intra cellular parasite (child who has worms)
Basophil
Attracted to stain or dye
Cytoplasm will stain blue/purple
Many coarse granules in cytoplasm
Contain biogenic amines such as histamines - vasodilation
Released during allergies (hives, hay fever etc
Which WBC’s are phagocytic?
Monocytes (macrophages)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, lifespan is approximately 120 days maximum.
Anemia
RBC ↓ lacking healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues
Polycythemia
RBC ↑ Less plasma, thick soup like
bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots, cold extremities.
Leukocytosis
↑ is an elevation in the absolute WBC count (>10,000 cells/μL).
Leukopenia
↓ is a reduction in the WBC count (<3500 cells/μL).
Plasma Cell
A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.
Produces antibodies - only protein in plasma that’s not made in the liver
Modified B lymphocyte that makes antibodies
Hemostasis
Stopping of flow of blood/bleeding involves three basic steps:
vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation
Coagulation
clotting factors promote the formation of fibrin clot
Hemophilia
missing coagulation factor
Type A compatibility
A, O
Type B compatibility
B, O
Type AB compatibility
A, B, AB, O
Type O compatibility
O
