Midterm 1 key concepts refined

Question 1

promotor

Answer 1

RNA polymerases bind to initiate transcription (mRNA)

Question 2

list the 2 mutations in coding sequence

Answer 2

1) synonymous
2) non-synonymous
- missense
- nonsense
-frameshift

Question 3

4 types of DNA technologies

Answer 3

1) PCR
2) Gel electroporesis
3) DNA sequences
4) Array CGH

Question 4

SSSSanger Sequencing

Answer 4

uses ddNTP which has hydrogen @ position 3 = stops chain
- fragments are read by fluorescence & built into a sequence

Question 5

array CGH- usage & type of probe used

Answer 5

use to detect deletions & insertions
- oligonucleotide probe
- fluorescence intensities are plotted on graph
- red=subject DNA
- green=reference DNA
-yellow=both

Question 6

next generation sequencing

Answer 6

cuts whole genome + sequences all pieces @ same time

Question 7

nanopore sequencing

Answer 7

uses nanopore to measure amount of electrical current produced when DNA molecules flows through it
- specific disruptions in current correlate to specific allele
- machine reads disruptions & sequences them all

Question 8

what is mapping the genome associates…?

Answer 8

associate genes in genome to location on chromosome

Question 9

what is mapping a trait associates…?

Answer 9

associate trait to an area on genome

Question 10

what is mapping a gene associates…?

Answer 10

associate gene responsible for specific phenotype

Question 11

4 types of physical genome mapping

Answer 11

1) somatic cell hybridization
2) In situ hybridization
3) restriction mapping
4) genome sequencing

Question 12

somatic cell hybridization

Answer 12

grow bovine fibroblast in culture, fuse cells with mouse tumor cell using sendai virus = heterokaryote
- then PCR DNA from heterokaryote to find chromosome
- disadvantage: takes a very long time

Question 13

In situ hybridization

Answer 13

shows where on chromosome the area of interest is located
1) DNA will bind to chromosome where it matches up
2) use fluorescence to locate matching points
3) use banding to see location

Question 14

restriction mapping

Answer 14

identifies where specific restriction enzyme sites are on small DNA molecule
- cuts fragments + adds enzymes then aligns all
- disadvantage: only uses small piece of DNA

Question 15

genetic mapping calculates ( ) based on…

Answer 15

distance based on frequency of recombination

Question 16

what 2 things does mapping a trait require?

Answer 16

1) polymorphic traits
2) polymorphic markers
- SNPs
- microsatellites

Question 17

4 examples of SNPs

Answer 17

1) PCR-RFLP
2) sequencing
3) KASP
4) SNP array

Question 18

PCR-RFLP

Answer 18

restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence & cut at that site
- if mutation at cut site = Eco R1 does not recognize sequence = no cut site = indication of mutation present

Question 19

KASPPP

Answer 19

uses fluorescence for allele specific PCR too determine genotype

• amount of fluorescence is measured & plotted on graph

Question 20

SNP array

Answer 20

genotypes SNPs
1) microbeads are attached to short probe complementary to DNA sequence
2) machine reads signals & determines what SNP is present
3) probe stops right before SNP position & brings in fluorescence colour for whatever allele is next

Question 21

2 advantages & disadvantages of microsatellite markers

Answer 21

advantages:
1) easy to PCR
2) easy to compare
3) multi-allelic

disadvantages:
1) not as abundant as SNPs
2) is not causative mutation

Question 22

marker assisted selection- uses a ( ) to select for ( )

Answer 22

use marker to select for specific trait

Question 23

2 advantages & disadvantages of marker assisted selection

Answer 23

advantages:
- faster selection process
- ideal for traits difficult to measure

disadvantages:
- hitch hiking of undesired trait
- need large population

Question 24

what is a SNP & what 2 things are involved?

Answer 24

simple substitution (A->G)
- transition (pyrimidine or purine substitution)
- transversion (purine replaced by pyrimidine)

Question 25

exon vs intron

Answer 25

exon- coding sequence
intron- non-coding sequence

Question 26

exon function

Answer 26

code for a protein

Question 27

intron (3)

Answer 27

functional, gene expression regulation, allow splicing

Question 28

leydig cell function

Answer 28

produced by LH, produces testosterone

Question 29

sertoli cell function

Answer 29

produced by FSH, produces androgen binding protein

Question 30

thecal cell function

Answer 30

produced by LH, produce testosterone

Question 31

granulosa cell function

Answer 31

produced by FSH, produce estrogen by using testosterone as a substrate

Question 32

what cells produce inhibin and activin?

Answer 32

granulosa cells

Question 33

kisspeptin

Answer 33

secondary hormone that slows LH indirectly