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ANBI 470 > M2 L1 > Flashcards

M2 L1 Flashcards

1
Q

blending theory

A

red x white = pink (but not always)

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2
Q

mendelian theory

A

parent x parent (cross fertilization = F1 (self fertilization) = F2 ratio

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3
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

tightly coiled DNA

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4
Q

karyotype

A

& size of chromosomes

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5
Q

karyotype nomenclature

A

, sex, abnormalities

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6
Q

how many chromosomes do cows have

A

60

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7
Q

where does mitochondrial DNA come from? why?

A

maternal side b/c sperm makes up the other 1/2 of chromosomal DNA

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8
Q

what drives sperm motion

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

how are DNA strands held together

A

pyrimidine bonds with purine

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10
Q

T or F: there is a small amount of maternally inherited DNA in the mitochondria

A

T

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11
Q

what are DNA nucleotides composed of

A

pentose sugar, phosphate + nitrogenous base

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12
Q

what % of DNA codes for a gene product

A

2-5%

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13
Q

what is the exception to the centra dogma?

A

mRNA can be made into DNA

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14
Q

transcription

A

DNA -> mRNA

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15
Q

translation

A

mRNA -> protein

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16
Q

what 2 things does DNA replication require?

A

DNA polymerase + replication fork

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17
Q

what is a gene

A

part of DNA that becomes a protein

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18
Q

what % of genes are coding?

A

2%

19
Q

what direction do primers bind at?

A

5’->3’

20
Q

RNA polymerase role

A

recognizes promotor sequence to start making mRNA

21
Q

what is the function of a silencer?

A

silence genes that you do not want to be transcribed

22
Q

what does the primary mRNA contain but that mature mRNA does not?

A

interionic mRNA sequence

23
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: double stranded, more stable, not easily degraded, not hydroxylated, has deoxyribose sugar

RNA: single stranded, less stable, easily degraded, hydroxylated, has ribose sugar

24
Q

messenger RNA

A

methyl group on thymine that is removed in mRNA, called uracil

25
Q

start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

26
Q

stop codons (3)

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

27
Q

T or F: each cod will bring in a leucine but only 1 codes for tryptophan

A

T

28
Q

what is the rarest amino acid

A

tryptophan

29
Q

3 components to an amino acid

A

1) amine (NH2)
2) carboxyl (COOH)
3) side chain (R)

30
Q

what is a non-coding DNA sequence? List an example

A

areas of DNA that do not get made into RNA or proteins
example: tRNA

31
Q

what is microRNA responsible for in the genome

A

regulatory elements

32
Q

pseudogenes

A

DNA sequences that are similar to known genes but do not code for a protein
- lost ability to or are not expressed at all

33
Q

how do pseudogenes occur?

A

were genes before but became disabled by a mutation or selected for = stays in genome

34
Q

what are regulatory elements? List the 4

A

taken out in non-coding sequences
1) introns
2) promotors
3) enhancers
4) silencers

35
Q

T or F: lots of repetitive sequences are dinucleotides (ex. ATAT)

A

T

36
Q

what % of repetitive sequences make up the genome

A

50

37
Q

function of repetitive sequences

A

regulatory role in genes that are expressed

38
Q

what are the 3 types of tandem repeats?

A

1) satellites
2) minisatellites
3) microsatellites

39
Q

what type of satellite can repeat the most?

A

satellite

40
Q

where are satellites found?

A

centromeres of chromosome

41
Q

T or F: minisatellites can occur anywhere in the genome

A

T

42
Q

where are minisatellites most commonly found

A

telomeres - create stability

43
Q

what type of satellites are used in human/animal genetics? why?

A

microsatellites - have faster mutation rate so can follow alleles

ANBI 470 (23 decks)

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