M3 L1

Question 1

1st genetically modified animal

Answer 1

glow fish -> have fluorescent gene

Question 2

what is a transgenic animal

Answer 2

animal that carries foreign gene that has been inserted into its genome

Question 3

T or F: transgenes are heritable

Answer 3

T

Question 4

T or F: transgene needs to be genetically active

Answer 4

F, they usually are but do not need to be

Question 5

5 reasons why transgenic animals are produced?

Answer 5

1) allows study of whole physiological system
2) build genetic disease models
3) human therapeutic use
4) improve animal production traits
5) produce new products

Question 6

example of improved animal production trait via transgenic animals

Answer 6

double amount of genes = more casein

Question 7

GMO

Answer 7

change & alter DNA in organisms in a way that is not natural

Question 8

what was the 1st organism to be modified in the lab? why?

Answer 8

bacteria, bc very easy to use

Question 9

how are GMOs made

Answer 9

placed gene of interest into plasmid & cytoplasm and replicate independently inside bacteria

Question 10

advantage & disadvantage of GMOs

Answer 10

A- can be stored to use later on & easy to use
D- expensive

Question 11

what was the 1st GMO

Answer 11

humulin-> genetically engineered insulin

Question 12

problems with genetically modified bacteria (4)

Answer 12

1) need signal sequences to signal transcription
2) proper protein activity
3) how much protein can we recover from bacteria
4) prokaryotes have diff codon systems than eukaryotes -> need more sequences onto this transgene

Question 13

before CRISPR-Cas 9, how where transgenic animals produced?

Answer 13

trangenes were made from organisms & put into genome of another organism

Question 14

what discovery by Watson allowed the formation of recombinant DNAs

Answer 14

molecular structure

Question 15

5 methods of how transgenic animals can be produced

Answer 15

1) recombinant DNA
2) genetic cloning
3) gene expression
4) genomic mapping
5) CRISPR-Cas 9

Question 16

3 regulatory methods of gene expression

Answer 16

transcribe gene at right time, right place, and right amount

Question 17

promotor sequence

Answer 17

signals to get RNA polymerase & transcription factors to bind on promotor sequence to start making RNA

Question 18

gene expression requires what 3 things

Answer 18

1) regulatory mechanisms
2) promotor sequences
3) enhancers

Question 19

enhancer role on gene expression

Answer 19

stimulate RNA transcription & incorporated into germ line so it passes on this genome

Question 20

how to construct a transgene (3)

Answer 20

1) remove introns
2) attach a promoter
3) attach enhancers

Question 21

what type of DNA is typically used for production of a transgene?

Answer 21

cDNA that has no introns
DNA -> RNA = removes all introns
RNA -> cDNA = reverse transcription

Question 22

DNA microinjection

Answer 22

1) use tiny needle to inject transgene into pronucleus of a fertilized egg
2) fertilized egg is put into surrogate host

Question 23

efficiency rates of gene integration is

Answer 23

low

Question 24

how to increase efficiency rates of microinjection (4)

Answer 24

1) decrease size of needle
2) small concentration of DNA
3) increase experienced people
4) ensuring proper egg development & quality

Question 25

main problem with DNA microinjection

Answer 25

random & multiple insertions

Question 26

retroviral infection steps

Answer 26

1) transfer RNA into infected host
2) DNA will be made from RNA via reverse transcription
3) double stranded DNA integrates into genome
4) recombinant retroviruses that are replication defective are produced

Question 27

advantages & disadvantages of viral replication

Answer 27

a- easy, can be done at diff stages, effective
d- integration is random, limitation to gene size, mosiacisim = some cells have transgene, others do not

Question 28

chemical delivery of transgene

Answer 28

transfection

Question 29

transfection

Answer 29

uses chemical to open pores of the cell to get transgene inside pores

Question 30

electroporation

Answer 30

give the cell a jolt to breakdown cell membrane so the transgene can enter

Question 31

2 examples of chemical delivery of a transgene

Answer 31

1) transfection
2) electroporation