M4 L6

Question 1

how long does it take for peak of adaptive immune response?

Answer 1

2 weeks

Question 2

why is there a bigger & longer immune response after 2nd exposure?

Answer 2

due to the formation of memory cells

Question 3

who was the father of vaccines

Answer 3

edward jenner

Question 4

what did edward jenner discover?

Answer 4

if exposed to cow pox = protected against small pox

Question 5

who coined the term “vaccine”

Answer 5

louis pasteur

Question 6

what did louis pasteur do? (3)

Answer 6

1) gave fowl cholera to chickens 2x -> noticed 2nd time they didnt react
2) anthrax -> if had before = protected
3) rabies -> exposed then vaccinated against

Question 7

vaccinia virus strain

Answer 7

pustules on udder

Question 8

8 characteristics of the ideal vaccine

Answer 8

1) safe for all individuals -> little to no replication
2) induces appropriate protective response -> targets what we want, broad cross protection against variants
3) long lasting
4) overcomes maternal immunity
5) easily administered
6) single dose
7) inexpensive
8) stable

Question 9

what is the only pharamceutical treatment given to a healthy person?

Answer 9

a vaccine

Question 10

viruses

Answer 10

ball of DNA & RNA with wall of proteins surrounding them

Question 11

what would you want to target when making an influenza vaccine?

Answer 11

hemagglutinin & neuramidase proteins

Question 12

hemagglutinin has ( ) major types and neuramidase has ( )

Answer 12

13, 9

Question 13

types of influenza

Answer 13

A-> most common/most concerning
B-> only affects humans
C-> very mild

Question 14

how are influenza viruses broken into subtypes?

Answer 14

based on which H & N proteins they have

Question 15

antigenic drift

Answer 15

b/c viruses replicate fast, they do not have ability to recognize a mistake so if it is mutated, antibody will not recognize it = vaccines does not work anymore

Question 16

antigenic shift

Answer 16

when brand new viruses are made

Question 17

SARS vaccine targeted what protein

Answer 17

spike

Question 18

how are targets for vaccines determined?

Answer 18

sequence a protein

Question 19

what must be done to make new vaccines for more variants?

Answer 19

make new antibodies that hopefully the virus does not escape against

Question 20

is neutralizing antibodies enough for vaccine development?

Answer 20

no, we should also focus on cytotoxic T cells

Question 21

what is the 1st thing to examine when making a vaccine?

Answer 21

what the immune response is

Question 22

how might you make a vaccine cheaper? (3)

Answer 22

take out a protein, change administration, lower number of boosters

Question 23

2 major limitations of mRNA vaccines in livestock

Answer 23

1) expensive
2) shelf life

Question 24

what are the 2 easiest ways to vaccinate animals?

Answer 24

1) feed/water
2) aerosolized (chickens)

Question 25

easiest way to vaccinate wild animals?

Answer 25

bait that has vaccine in it

Question 26

passive immunization

Answer 26

giving antibodies inside a vaccine

Question 27

natural passive immunization

Answer 27

taking antibodies from 1 persons blood to another
- for sick individuals

Question 28

most common type of immunization

Answer 28

active

Question 29

live attenuated virus

Answer 29

make virus weaker, will not cause as much disease as if it was virulent
- can revert back to virulent

Question 30

killed vaccines

Answer 30

do not have ability to replicate

Question 31

metabolic product vaccines

Answer 31

target the toxin that is causing the virus

Question 32

what vaccine has the best immunogenicity?

Answer 32

live vaccines, but not always safe

Question 33

what is the most safe vaccine?

Answer 33

subunit vaccines, but has least immunogenicity

Question 34

T or F: passive vaccines do not make memory cells

Answer 34

T