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PSYCH 282 BEHAVOIR MODIFICATION > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior Modification definition

A

Analysing the relationship between environemnt and behvaior. The goal is to benefit people’s lives.

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2
Q

Applied Behvaior Anaysis (ABA)

A

Using knowledge about human behvaior to reduce socially undesireable behaviors/to increase desireable ones
- is a part of behvaior modification

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Conditioned Reflexes:
- respondant behvaiors are involuntary, they are elicited by stimuli
S-R Psychology: focuses on how environemtnal events and stimul (S) affect response (R)

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4
Q

E. L. Thorndike

A

Law of Effect:
- behavior that has a favorable outcome is more likely to occur again in the future
- ex: rats learning how to get out of a maze faster

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5
Q

J. B. Watson

A

Methodological Behvaioralism:
- study of behavior alone
- most human activity is learned habits

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6
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Radical Behaviorism:
- to understand and explain all behvaior
- thoughts and feelings
- S-R-S Model

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7
Q

S-R-S Model

A

“3 term contingencey or ABC Model”
A: Antecent Stimulus procedures
B: Behvaior (or Response) which produces..
C: Consequences (Stimulus/event) Reinforcement or punishement

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8
Q

How DARE became sucessful

A

by addressing
- the lack of knowledge about the negative effects of drugs
- low levels of self-esteem

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9
Q

Experiemental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

A
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10
Q

Dependant variable DV

A

rate or frequency of response is most commonly used

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11
Q

With-in subject experimental design

A

a person’s reponse compare to their own at another time

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12
Q

Between subject design

A

compares one group (experimental) to another (control)

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13
Q

Phases of B-Mod

A
  1. Screening/Intake Phase: obtain demographic information, is B-Mod appropriate for this client?
  2. Preprogram Assesment Phase/Baseline Phase: measure and define initial “Baseline” lvl of behavior
  3. Treatment Phase: apply training, intervention, treatment program
  4. Follow-Up Phase: determine effects on behvaior
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14
Q

Behavioral Assement definition

A

measuring the target behvaior of a client
- “who what where when how” of target behvaior

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15
Q

Target Behavior

A

behvaior you are interested in changing “what”

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16
Q

Outcome Goal

A

borad, abstract result one wishes to obtain “why”

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17
Q

6 Dimensions of Behavioral Assesment

A
  1. frequency: # of responses
  2. duration: legnth of time
  3. latency: time between start and end of an event
  4. intensity/magnitude: stregnth of behvaior
  5. product recording: measurable output of behavior
  6. quality: arbitrary judgment of socil value (rating scale?)
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18
Q

Operational Definition

A

a precise, objective definition of a term

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19
Q

Direct Assesment

A

everything is recorded as they occur
- self-monitoring
- secretly watching someone

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20
Q

Indirect Assesment

A

second or third hand information
- questionnaire, rating scales
- interviews with client

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21
Q

Natural Setting

A

behvaior observed in target person’s typical environement

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22
Q

Analogue setting

A

behvaior observed in a simulated location

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23
Q

Unstructured Observation

A

observations made without giving instructions

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24
Q

Structured Observation

A

observations are made when instructions are given

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25
Q

Hawthorne effect (Reactivity):

A

recording or measuring a behavior affects can effect the behavior

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26
Q

Continuous recording

A

record ever instance of client’s behvaior

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27
Q

Interval recording

A

successive time intervals of equation duration

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28
Q

Partial Interval recording

A

1 action= 1 tic

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29
Q

whole interval recording

A

record behavior if it persists during an entire time period

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30
Q

Time Sample recording

A

record behvaior during breif intervals separated from eachother

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31
Q

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

A

Statistic calculated to dtermine consistency in recording of target behvaior
- can reveal biases of an observer

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32
Q

Client Rights (6)

A
  1. theraputic environement
  2. services whose goal is personal welfare
  3. treatement by a competent behvaior analysit
  4. program teaches functional skills
  5. on going evaluation
  6. most effect treatement avalible
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33
Q

Revenge effect (Perverse incentive)

A

ironic, unintended consequence of treatement
- cobra effect (too many cobras, $ for cobras, people breed cobras, no $ for cobras, people release bred cobras, population of cobras increase)

34
Q

“Health Halo” Effect

A

when people order from a “heathy” fast food place (Subway), they are more likely to underestimate their calories

35
Q

Athletic Preformance and Injury

A

athletes may be more prone to injuries, as they push themselves harder

36
Q

Independant Variable (IV)

A

treatment applied to the client

37
Q

Dependant Variable (DV)

A

target behavior measure

38
Q

Confounding Varisble (Extraneous Variable)

A

another factor that may affect behavior that is not controlled for

39
Q

Functional Relationship

A

treatment procedure that causes a change in the target behvaior requires 2 things:
1. IV-DV relationship
2. Replication

40
Q

IV-DV relationship

A

changing IV causes change in DV

41
Q

Replications

A

consistent pattern of results

42
Q

A-B design

A

1 baseline baseline phase (A) and 1 treatment phase (B)

43
Q

A-B-A-B design

A

2 baseline phases and 2 treatment phases

44
Q

Multiple baseline designs (3)

A

more than one A-B design is carried out
1. across subjects
2. across behaviors
3. across settings

45
Q

Alternating treatments design

A

baseline and treatment is applied in rapid succession

46
Q

Changing-criterion design

A

uses A-B design, progressively changes

47
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

manipulating consequences of behvaior
- can increase or decrease a behvaior

48
Q

Reinforcement

A

when the consequence of a behavior stregnthens the behavior
- behvaior becomes more likely to occur in the future or occurs quicker

49
Q

Reinforcer

A

stimulus, object or event that stregnthens a behvaior

50
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

the presense of a appetitive (pleasant) stimulus caused by a behavior that increases the behavior

51
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

when a behvaior is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasent) stimulus that increases the behavior

52
Q

Subtypes of Negative reinforcement (2)

A
  1. Escape behvaior: cuases removal of existing aversive stimulus (cold=put on a sweater)
  2. Avoidance behvaior: prevents persentation of aversive stimulus (before its cold=put on a sweater)
53
Q

Natural reinforcement

A

occurs as a part of everyday life

54
Q

Programmed reinforcement

A

planned and systematic (part of a behvaioral treatment)

55
Q

Social reinforcement

A

involves antoher person to deliver reinforcing consequences

56
Q

Automatic reinforcement

A

reinforcing consequences come directly from the environement

57
Q

Tangible reinforcement

A

Access to a perferred object (toy after good behvaior)

58
Q

Activity reinforcement

A

engaging in a perferred behvaior after doing a non-prefered behavior (ex; 25 mins studying, 5 min break)

59
Q

Premack Principle

A

High probability behavior servers as a positive reinforcement for preforming a low probability behavior, thus increasing it

60
Q

(Unconditioned) Primary Reinforcer

A

Stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects and may enhance chances of survival
- ex; food, water

61
Q

(Conditioned) Secondary Reinforcer

A

Neutral stimulus that has become associalted with an unconditioned reinforcer
- ex; token exchanged for money, food etc

62
Q

Reward Vaule

A

Quantity or quality of the reinforcer and its value to the individual

63
Q

Motivating operations (MOs)

A

Events that can temporarily alter the effectivness of reinforcement (AKA setting events)
- social (presense of an attractive person)
- physiological (having a headache)
- environemental (quiet library to study)

64
Q

Establishing operation (EOs)

A

Estanblishes or increases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- ex; caloric depreivation (YES i’ll take the apple!)

65
Q

Abolsihing operation (AOs)

A

Decreases the effectiveness of reinforcememnt
- ex; being full (No i’m way too full for an apple)

66
Q

Timing
VS
Contingency

A

Timing: reienforceemnt should occur soon after the behvaior
Contingency: Consequences should consistently follow the behvaior

67
Q

Continuous
VS
Intermittent

A

Continuous: reinforcement given for each response
- aquisition [hase is rapid
Intermittent: only some responses are reinforced
- aquisition phase is longer

68
Q

Fixed ratio

A

reinforcer given after a set number of responses
- ex; 1 candy/ 10 pushups

69
Q

Variable ratio

A

reinforcer given after a random number of responses

70
Q

Fixed interval

A

reinforcer given when response occurs after a certain legnth of time
- ex; 1 candy after 30 second plank

71
Q

Variable interval

A

reinforcer given when response occurs after a variable legnth of time

72
Q

Extinction

A

If a behvaior is previously reinforced and stops being reinforced, the behvaior will weaken or decrease

73
Q

Side effects of Extinction (3)

A
  1. Extinction burst: behvaior may increase in frequency, duration or intensity after the rienforcement is eliminated
  2. Extinction-induced aggression: novel behvaiors (emotional or aggressive) that haven’t been seen before
  3. Spontaneous Recovery: after a period of extinction, behvaior may reappear
74
Q

Punishement

A

the process in which the consequence of a behvaior weakens the behvaior
- decrease in frequency and latency

75
Q

Positive punishement

A

when the presentation of an aversive stimulus decreases behvaior (+=ADDING)

76
Q

Subtypes of Positive punishement

A
  1. Application of aversive activites; requires individual to perform aversive activity as a consequence for inappropriate behvaior (washing windows for swearing)
  2. Application of aversive stimulation: punishes behvaior by delivering an aversive stimulus (electric shock)
77
Q

Negative punishement

A

the removal of an appetitve stimulus decreases the behavior

78
Q

Subtypes of Negative punishement

A
  1. Time-out from positive reinforcement: removes individual from fun environement as a consequence
  2. Response Cost: taking away valued iten or privilege
79
Q

Extinction
VS
Punishement

A

Extinction: reinforcer is maintaining the behvaior witheld
Punishement: a reinforcer is taken away

80
Q

Corpral punishement

A

Physical punishement (causing some degree of pain or discomfort)
- not effective

81
Q
A

PSYCH 282 BEHAVOIR MODIFICATION (14 decks)

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