midterm 1 Flashcards
Behavior Modification definition
Analysing the relationship between environemnt and behvaior. The goal is to benefit people’s lives.
Applied Behvaior Anaysis (ABA)
Using knowledge about human behvaior to reduce socially undesireable behaviors/to increase desireable ones
- is a part of behvaior modification
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned Reflexes:
- respondant behvaiors are involuntary, they are elicited by stimuli
S-R Psychology: focuses on how environemtnal events and stimul (S) affect response (R)
E. L. Thorndike
Law of Effect:
- behavior that has a favorable outcome is more likely to occur again in the future
- ex: rats learning how to get out of a maze faster
J. B. Watson
Methodological Behvaioralism:
- study of behavior alone
- most human activity is learned habits
B. F. Skinner
Radical Behaviorism:
- to understand and explain all behvaior
- thoughts and feelings
- S-R-S Model
S-R-S Model
“3 term contingencey or ABC Model”
A: Antecent Stimulus procedures
B: Behvaior (or Response) which produces..
C: Consequences (Stimulus/event) Reinforcement or punishement
How DARE became sucessful
by addressing
- the lack of knowledge about the negative effects of drugs
- low levels of self-esteem
Experiemental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
Dependant variable DV
rate or frequency of response is most commonly used
With-in subject experimental design
a person’s reponse compare to their own at another time
Between subject design
compares one group (experimental) to another (control)
Phases of B-Mod
- Screening/Intake Phase: obtain demographic information, is B-Mod appropriate for this client?
- Preprogram Assesment Phase/Baseline Phase: measure and define initial “Baseline” lvl of behavior
- Treatment Phase: apply training, intervention, treatment program
- Follow-Up Phase: determine effects on behvaior
Behavioral Assement definition
measuring the target behvaior of a client
- “who what where when how” of target behvaior
Target Behavior
behvaior you are interested in changing “what”
Outcome Goal
borad, abstract result one wishes to obtain “why”
6 Dimensions of Behavioral Assesment
- frequency: # of responses
- duration: legnth of time
- latency: time between start and end of an event
- intensity/magnitude: stregnth of behvaior
- product recording: measurable output of behavior
- quality: arbitrary judgment of socil value (rating scale?)
Operational Definition
a precise, objective definition of a term
Direct Assesment
everything is recorded as they occur
- self-monitoring
- secretly watching someone
Indirect Assesment
second or third hand information
- questionnaire, rating scales
- interviews with client
Natural Setting
behvaior observed in target person’s typical environement
Analogue setting
behvaior observed in a simulated location
Unstructured Observation
observations made without giving instructions
Structured Observation
observations are made when instructions are given
Hawthorne effect (Reactivity):
recording or measuring a behavior affects can effect the behavior
Continuous recording
record ever instance of client’s behvaior
Interval recording
successive time intervals of equation duration
Partial Interval recording
1 action= 1 tic
whole interval recording
record behavior if it persists during an entire time period
Time Sample recording
record behvaior during breif intervals separated from eachother
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
Statistic calculated to dtermine consistency in recording of target behvaior
- can reveal biases of an observer
Client Rights (6)
- theraputic environement
- services whose goal is personal welfare
- treatement by a competent behvaior analysit
- program teaches functional skills
- on going evaluation
- most effect treatement avalible
Revenge effect (Perverse incentive)
ironic, unintended consequence of treatement
- cobra effect (too many cobras, $ for cobras, people breed cobras, no $ for cobras, people release bred cobras, population of cobras increase)
“Health Halo” Effect
when people order from a “heathy” fast food place (Subway), they are more likely to underestimate their calories
Athletic Preformance and Injury
athletes may be more prone to injuries, as they push themselves harder
Independant Variable (IV)
treatment applied to the client
Dependant Variable (DV)
target behavior measure
Confounding Varisble (Extraneous Variable)
another factor that may affect behavior that is not controlled for
Functional Relationship
treatment procedure that causes a change in the target behvaior requires 2 things:
1. IV-DV relationship
2. Replication
IV-DV relationship
changing IV causes change in DV
Replications
consistent pattern of results
A-B design
1 baseline baseline phase (A) and 1 treatment phase (B)
A-B-A-B design
2 baseline phases and 2 treatment phases
Multiple baseline designs (3)
more than one A-B design is carried out
1. across subjects
2. across behaviors
3. across settings
Alternating treatments design
baseline and treatment is applied in rapid succession
Changing-criterion design
uses A-B design, progressively changes
Operant Conditioning
manipulating consequences of behvaior
- can increase or decrease a behvaior
Reinforcement
when the consequence of a behavior stregnthens the behavior
- behvaior becomes more likely to occur in the future or occurs quicker
Reinforcer
stimulus, object or event that stregnthens a behvaior
Positive Reinforcement
the presense of a appetitive (pleasant) stimulus caused by a behavior that increases the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
when a behvaior is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasent) stimulus that increases the behavior
Subtypes of Negative reinforcement (2)
- Escape behvaior: cuases removal of existing aversive stimulus (cold=put on a sweater)
- Avoidance behvaior: prevents persentation of aversive stimulus (before its cold=put on a sweater)
Natural reinforcement
occurs as a part of everyday life
Programmed reinforcement
planned and systematic (part of a behvaioral treatment)
Social reinforcement
involves antoher person to deliver reinforcing consequences
Automatic reinforcement
reinforcing consequences come directly from the environement
Tangible reinforcement
Access to a perferred object (toy after good behvaior)
Activity reinforcement
engaging in a perferred behvaior after doing a non-prefered behavior (ex; 25 mins studying, 5 min break)
Premack Principle
High probability behavior servers as a positive reinforcement for preforming a low probability behavior, thus increasing it
(Unconditioned) Primary Reinforcer
Stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects and may enhance chances of survival
- ex; food, water
(Conditioned) Secondary Reinforcer
Neutral stimulus that has become associalted with an unconditioned reinforcer
- ex; token exchanged for money, food etc
Reward Vaule
Quantity or quality of the reinforcer and its value to the individual
Motivating operations (MOs)
Events that can temporarily alter the effectivness of reinforcement (AKA setting events)
- social (presense of an attractive person)
- physiological (having a headache)
- environemental (quiet library to study)
Establishing operation (EOs)
Estanblishes or increases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- ex; caloric depreivation (YES i’ll take the apple!)
Abolsihing operation (AOs)
Decreases the effectiveness of reinforcememnt
- ex; being full (No i’m way too full for an apple)
Timing
VS
Contingency
Timing: reienforceemnt should occur soon after the behvaior
Contingency: Consequences should consistently follow the behvaior
Continuous
VS
Intermittent
Continuous: reinforcement given for each response
- aquisition [hase is rapid
Intermittent: only some responses are reinforced
- aquisition phase is longer
Fixed ratio
reinforcer given after a set number of responses
- ex; 1 candy/ 10 pushups
Variable ratio
reinforcer given after a random number of responses
Fixed interval
reinforcer given when response occurs after a certain legnth of time
- ex; 1 candy after 30 second plank
Variable interval
reinforcer given when response occurs after a variable legnth of time
Extinction
If a behvaior is previously reinforced and stops being reinforced, the behvaior will weaken or decrease
Side effects of Extinction (3)
- Extinction burst: behvaior may increase in frequency, duration or intensity after the rienforcement is eliminated
- Extinction-induced aggression: novel behvaiors (emotional or aggressive) that haven’t been seen before
- Spontaneous Recovery: after a period of extinction, behvaior may reappear
Punishement
the process in which the consequence of a behvaior weakens the behvaior
- decrease in frequency and latency
Positive punishement
when the presentation of an aversive stimulus decreases behvaior (+=ADDING)
Subtypes of Positive punishement
- Application of aversive activites; requires individual to perform aversive activity as a consequence for inappropriate behvaior (washing windows for swearing)
- Application of aversive stimulation: punishes behvaior by delivering an aversive stimulus (electric shock)
Negative punishement
the removal of an appetitve stimulus decreases the behavior
Subtypes of Negative punishement
- Time-out from positive reinforcement: removes individual from fun environement as a consequence
- Response Cost: taking away valued iten or privilege
Extinction
VS
Punishement
Extinction: reinforcer is maintaining the behvaior witheld
Punishement: a reinforcer is taken away
Corpral punishement
Physical punishement (causing some degree of pain or discomfort)
- not effective
