applying punishment Flashcards
Time out
Person is REMOVED from access to reinforcers following an undesirable behavior
Response Cost
A reinforcer is TAKEN AWAY from the person following an undesirable behavior
Time out from Positive Reinforcement
loss of access to positive reinforcers following an undesirable behavior
NONexclusionary Time Out
After an undesirable behavior, person stays in the same room/location (Time In), but is denied access to reinforcers
- ex: after disruptive behavior=student cannot participate in class
Contingent Observation
Person is denied access to reinforcers and is observes others engaging in activites
Exclusionary Time Out
Follwoing an undesirable behavior, person is moved to a different room AND denied access to reinforers
Isolation Time Out
Person is removed from the environment where reinforcers are still avalible in a SEPARATE setting (They are ALONE)
- solitary confinement
ISSUES of Time Out
- Time Out DOES NOT work with negative reinforcement OR automatic reinforcement
- Is there enough space for an isolation room?
- Ensure safety
- Long term solitary confinement increases risk of depression and premature death
Contingent Delay (Release Contingency)
Time Out does not end if behavior has not ceased during time out period
- Prevents escape from Time Out as serving negative reinforcement
Issues with Response Cost
- Consider the reinforcer
- When the withdraw the reinforcer?
- Practical issues: what if reinforcer cannot be physically taken away, person may become aggressive
Applying Aversive Activites
Involves Low-Probability behavior that the person does not enjoy doing
- ex: 10 pushups per curse word
Overcorrection
Person has to preform effortful, low-probability behaviors contingent on the problem behavior
Positive Practice
After a problem behavior, person must CORRECTLY preform an opposite/appropriate behavior REPEATEDLY
- ex: rushing, getting math problems wrong.
Must do them over again SLOWLY
Negative Practice
After a problem behavior, person must preform the UNDESIRABLE behavior REPEATEDLY
- ex: “this is what I am not supposed to do” x50
Restitution
After a problem behavior, person must CORRECT THE EFFECTS of the problem behavior and RESTORE the environment
- ex: child spills milk, they clean it up themselves
Contingent Exercise
After a problem behavior, person must PREFORM EXERSICE
Guided Compliance
After a problem behavior a person is physically guided to complete a requested behavior
- similar to physical guidance prompt
Physical Restraint
After a problem behavior, part of the person’s body is IMMOBILIZED
Response Blocking
Behavior analyst physically prevents carrying out the problem behavior
Response Interruption/Redirection (IRI)
COMBINES Response Blocking and Differential Reinforcement
- Response is Blocked, person is prompted to engage in a competing response (Least-to-Most hierarchy)
- Used as treatment for Automatically reinforced behaviors
Applying Aversive Stimulus
Presenting stimuli that are aversive or unpleasant to a person
- acts as a PUNISHER as it follows a behavior and DECREASES it
- ex: electric shock
Reprimands
Harsh verbal criticism of behavior
- ex: “NO!” with eye contact, close proximity, etc
Physically Aversive Stimuli
Cause physical pain, discomfort or unpleasant sensations
- ex: loud noise to stop finger sucking
Use Functional Interventions FIRST
(5 steps BEFORE Positive Punishment)
- Antecedent Interventions, Positive Reinforcements, Differential Reinforcment (try 1, 2, or ALL 3)
- Negative Reinforcment (Requires Aversive Stimulus)
- Extinction
- Negative Punishment
- THEN Positive Punishment (LAST RESORT)
Applying Differential Reinforcement WITH Punishment
Use DRO, DRA, DRI
- Punishment indicates what NOT to do but DOES NOT TEACH desirable behavior
The ETHICS of Punishment
- informed consent
- alternative treatments
- safety
- problem severity
- peer review
- accountability
- training & supervision
