Micronutrition Flashcards
Daily Values
Determined by ___ for a daily diet of ___ calories/day. Originally based on ___ published in 1968
- FDA
- 2,000 calories
- recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)
abbreviations
EAR
* the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of ___ of healthy individuals in an age and gender group
estimated average requirement
* 50%
abbreviations
RDA
* two standard deviations above the ___
* sufficient to meet the need of nearly all healthy individuals in a group
recommended dietary allowance
* EAR
abbreviations
AI
* used when scientific evidence is ___ to set an ___
* approxiations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population
adequate intake
* inadequate, EAR
abbreviations
UL
* the __ level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk
tolerable upper intake levels
* maximum
Micronutrients are made up of ___ and ___
- vitamins
- minerals
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
water soluble vitamins
B and C
macrominerals
Ca2+, Mg2+
trace minerals
iron, iodine, zinc, copper, and selenium
chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron
T or F: only B6 and B12 are still refered to by the number
True
Vitamin A
retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
* produced from ___ (organic pigments in plants)
* Δ11-cis-retinal reversibly associated with opsins and function as ___ sensor
* vitamin A deficinecy may cause ___
- carotenoids
- light
- night blindness
Vitamin A
Retinoic acid function as ___ hormones, regulating cell growth and differentiation
* associates with ___ receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)
* carotenoids are effective __; may reduce the risk of ___
* stored in the liver as retinol ___
* dietray sources: ___ and ___ veggies, liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk
* Deficiency is rare, but ___ % of americans consume less than ___ of the RDA
steroid
* nuclear
* antioxidants; cancers
* dark green and yellow
* 40-60%, 2/3
Vitamin D
- functions as ___ hormones maintaining ___ homeostasis
- synthesized from an intermediate in ___ biosynthesis
- produced ___ in the skin
- deficiency: ___ in young children and ___ in adults
- dietary sources: vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, and egg yolk
- steroid, calcium
- cholesterol
- photochemically
- rickets, osteomalacia
Vitamin E
- occurs in the diet as ___ and ___
- naturally occuring ___ protecting ___ fatty acids
- accumulate in circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes, and fat deposits
- reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by preventing oxidation of ___
- the oxidized form of LDL is ___
- dietary cources: vegtable ___ rich in poly ___ fatty acids
- Deficiency is rare
- tocopherols and tocotrienols
- antioxidanrs, unsaturated
- LDL
- atherogenic
- oil, unsaturated
Vitamin K
- required for post-translational modification of ____ acid residues to γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues.
- carboxyglutamic acids allow proteins to bind ___ and ___
- essential for blood ___ ; Example ___
- essential for bone ___ ; ___
- glutamic
- Ca2+ and hydroxyapatite
- clotting, prothrombin
- mineralization; osteocalcin
Vitamin K
- in carboxylation reaction, vitamin K is converted to an inactive ___ form
- regeneration of the active form requires vitamin k epoxide ___
Warfarin
* anticoagulant, vitamin K ___
* prevents ___
* inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase
Dietary sources
* Vitamin K1 in ___ vegetables
* Vitamin K2 is synthesized by intestinal ___
* deficiency is rare
- epoxide
- reducatse
- antagonist
- thrombosis
- green
- bacteria
Thiamin (B1)
- rapidly converted to thiamin ___ and thiamin ___
- thiamin pyrophosphate functions as a ___ in enzymatic catalysis
- thiazole ring forms a carbanion (strong ___ ). Ex: pyruuvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to ___
- thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve ___ in peripheral nerve membranes
- severe thiamin deficiency is known as ___ , characterized by muscular ___ and ___
- may occur in populations relying on ___ rice or alcoholics
- pyrophosphate, triphosphate
- cofactor
- nucleophile
- acetyl CoA
- impulses
- beriberi, atrophy, weakness
- polished
Riboflavin B2
- precursor of cofactors used in many redox reactions ___ and ___
- deficiency is very rare; angular cheilitic, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis
- seen in chronic ____
- dietary source: milk, eggs, and ___ products
- FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
- FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
- alcoholics
- cereal
Niacin B3
- nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were rebranded as ___ and ___
- converted to cofactors ___ and ___
- electron acceptors or ___ donors
- essential in ___ reactions and cellular ___
- ___ is also used for ADP-ribosylation
- severe deficency is known as ____ ; dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
- rare; primarily seen in ___ , patients with severe ___ , and elderly on restricted diets
- rich in meats, ___, and enrished cereals
- niacin and niacinamide
- NAD, NADP
- hydrogen
- redox, respiration
- NAD
- pellagra
- alcoholics, malabsorption
- peanuts
Pyridoxine B6
- exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in diet
- converted to a cofactor pyridoxal ___
- transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism
- synthsis of neurotransmitters and ___
- mild deficiency: irritability, nervousness, and ___
- severe deficiency: peripheral neuropathy and ___
- rich in meat, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals
- significant fraction of US consumes less than recommended intake
- phosphate
- sphingolipids
- depression
- convulsions
Biotin B7
- cofactor for activation of ___ in carboxylase enzymes. Ex: acetyl-CoA carboxylase converting acetyl-CoA to ___
- ___ bound to lysine side chains in enzymes
- Deficiency is rare; may occur if raw ___ is consumed regularly; avidin forms tight complex with biotin
- pregnant women tend to have a high risk of biotin deficiency
- carbon dioxide, malonyl-CoA
- raw egg whites
Folic acid (B9)
- converted to ___ , a one carbon carrier in enzyme reactions
- used in the synthesis of amino acids and ___
- essential for ___ synthesis and cellular proliferation; deficiency inhibits this
- produces abnormal red blood cells ( ___ )
- increases the risk of birth defects, especially ___ defect
- common in ___
- tetrahydrofolate
- nucleotides
- DNA
- anemia
- neural tube
- alcoholics
Cobalamin B12
- contains ___ in a coordination state of six
- exists as a complex with ___
- required for ___ reactions in humans
1. ___ synthase (homocysteine to ___ )
2. methylmalonyl-CoA ___ (methylmalonyl-CoA to ___ - CoA) - when insufficient, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid accumulate which causes ___ and ___ damage
- deficiency is rare except patients with severe ___ diseases and long term ___
- Co
- proteins
- 2
- methionine, methionine
- mutase, succinyl
- anemia and neurological
- malabsorptive, vegetarians
Vitamin C
- ___ acid (means without scurvy)
- functions as a cofactor for several ___
- required for hydroxylation of ___ and ___ side chains, which is necessary for ___ stability
- proper collagen stability is essential for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing, and ___ formation
- nonenzymatic ___ agent
- aids in absorption of iron by reducing it to ___ in the stomach
- protects vitamin ___ , ___ and some ___ vitamins from ___
- ascorbic
- oxidases
- lysine, proline, collagen
- bone
- reducing
- Fe2+
- A, E, B, oxidation
Vitamin C Deficiency
Mild (capillary ___ )
* easy bruising
* decreased immunocompetence
Severe ( ___ )
* decreased wound healing
* osteoporosis
* hemorrhaging
* anemia
- fragility
- scurvy
T or F: smokers require more vitamin C
True
Calcium
- make ___ that serve as reservoir
- serves as ___ messenger
- essential for blood ___ and muscle ___
- dietary insufficiency results in net loss of Ca2+ from the ___
- vitamin ___ is required for optimal Ca2+ utilization
- exercise facilitates bone ___
- bones
- second
- coagulation, contractility
- bones
- D
- formation
Calcium deficiency
- resembles vitamin ___ deficiency
- contributes to ____
- mild: muscle ___
- low income children and adult fmales do not consume adequate calcium
- found in: dairy, nuts, beans, seeds, and sweaweeds
T or F: achieveing maximum bone density from age 10-35 is critical for reducing the risk of osteoporosis later
True
Iron
- component of heme, ___, and non-heme iron proteins
- required for ___ transport, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune defense
- iron homeostats tightly regulated due to it being extremely ___
- free iron generates free ___
- normally sequestered in the cell by ___ and in the blood by ___
- iron-deficiency anemia is widespread in children and ___ females
- cytochromes
- O2
- toxic
- radicals
- ferritin, transferrin
- menstruating
Trace metals
Iodine
* synthesis of ___ hormones
* found in ___
* deficiency was endemic in ___ populations
* Goiter - enlargement of the ___ gland
* Cretinism - severely stunted physical and ___ growth
* routinely added to ___
- thyroid
- seafood (fish/seaweed)
- inland
- thyroid
- mental
- table salt
Trace minerals
Zinc
* required for ___ and ___ proteins
* deficiency in children results in poor growth and ___ development
* deficiency may cause poor wound healing, dermatitis, and impared ___ function
- metalloenzymes, zinc finger
- sexual
- immune
Trace minerals
Copper
* required for many enzymes such as ___ (necessary for ___ cross linking)
* defiecinecy may cause anemia, bone ___, and blood vessel ___
- lysyl oxidase, collagen
- demineralization, fragility
Trace minerals
Selenium
* found in around 25 ___ in humans
* these proteins can contain ___ residues which are incorporated during ___
* selenocystyl-tRNA binds to ___ codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3’ ___ region
* deficiency is rare
- selenoproteins
- selenocysteine, translation
- UGA, untranslated
