Micronutrition Flashcards
Daily Values
Determined by ___ for a daily diet of ___ calories/day. Originally based on ___ published in 1968
- FDA
- 2,000 calories
- recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)
abbreviations
EAR
* the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of ___ of healthy individuals in an age and gender group
estimated average requirement
* 50%
abbreviations
RDA
* two standard deviations above the ___
* sufficient to meet the need of nearly all healthy individuals in a group
recommended dietary allowance
* EAR
abbreviations
AI
* used when scientific evidence is ___ to set an ___
* approxiations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population
adequate intake
* inadequate, EAR
abbreviations
UL
* the __ level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk
tolerable upper intake levels
* maximum
Micronutrients are made up of ___ and ___
- vitamins
- minerals
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
water soluble vitamins
B and C
macrominerals
Ca2+, Mg2+
trace minerals
iron, iodine, zinc, copper, and selenium
chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron
T or F: only B6 and B12 are still refered to by the number
True
Vitamin A
retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
* produced from ___ (organic pigments in plants)
* Δ11-cis-retinal reversibly associated with opsins and function as ___ sensor
* vitamin A deficinecy may cause ___
- carotenoids
- light
- night blindness
Vitamin A
Retinoic acid function as ___ hormones, regulating cell growth and differentiation
* associates with ___ receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)
* carotenoids are effective __; may reduce the risk of ___
* stored in the liver as retinol ___
* dietray sources: ___ and ___ veggies, liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk
* Deficiency is rare, but ___ % of americans consume less than ___ of the RDA
steroid
* nuclear
* antioxidants; cancers
* dark green and yellow
* 40-60%, 2/3
Vitamin D
- functions as ___ hormones maintaining ___ homeostasis
- synthesized from an intermediate in ___ biosynthesis
- produced ___ in the skin
- deficiency: ___ in young children and ___ in adults
- dietary sources: vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, and egg yolk
- steroid, calcium
- cholesterol
- photochemically
- rickets, osteomalacia
Vitamin E
- occurs in the diet as ___ and ___
- naturally occuring ___ protecting ___ fatty acids
- accumulate in circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes, and fat deposits
- reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by preventing oxidation of ___
- the oxidized form of LDL is ___
- dietary cources: vegtable ___ rich in poly ___ fatty acids
- Deficiency is rare
- tocopherols and tocotrienols
- antioxidanrs, unsaturated
- LDL
- atherogenic
- oil, unsaturated