Macronutrition

Question 1

excess carbohydrates are converted to (2)

Answer 1

• glycogen
• triacyglycerol

Question 2

What is the major energy source for humans?

Answer 2

carbohydrates

Question 3

1 gram of carbs is how many kcal?

Answer 3

4 kcal

Question 4

simple carbs

monosaccharides

Answer 4

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 5

simple carbs

disaccharides

Answer 5

• sucrose
• lactose
• maltose

Question 6

complex carbs

polysaccharides
* many ___ linked together in chains
* ___ in animals, and ___ and ___ in plants

Answer 6

• monosaccharides
• glycogen, starch, fiber

Question 7

What is the most important carbohydrate fuel for the body?

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

T or F: glucose rarely appears are a monosaccharide in food.

Answer 8

True

part of a disaccharide or starch

Question 9

T or F: fructose causes a great rise in blood glucose but not blood lipids.

Answer 9

False; fructose increases blood lipids but not blood glucose

Question 10

high fructose corn syrup is suggested to be the cause of increased ___ and ___

Answer 10

diabetes and obesity

Question 11

Digestion of carbohydrates

α-Amylase
* ___ starch and glycogen to ___ and ___
* exists in ___ and ___ juice

Answer 11

• hydrolyzes, maltose, maltotriose
• saliva and pancreatic

Question 12

enzymes on the ___ surface of the small intestine
1. maltase “___:” maltose and maltotriose → ___
2. sucrase: sucrose → ___ and ___
3. lactase: lactose → ___ and ___

Answer 12

luminal
* α-glycosidase, glucose
* glucose and fructose
* glucose and galactose

Question 13

T or F: only monosaccharides are absorbed in the body

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Bacterial contribution

• Bacterial enzymes break down carbs that we cannot by metabolizing them ___.
• Results on production of ___ fatty acids, lactate, ___, ___, and ___.
• May cause ___ and abdominal discomfort.

Answer 14

• anaerobically
• short chain, H2, CH4, CO2
• flatulence

Question 15

The glycemic index measures how ___ individual foods with raise ___ level.
* ratio of the AUC of the ___ response curve to that of ___

Answer 15

quickly, blood glucose
* blood glucose response, glucose

Question 16

Dietary Fibers

Cellulose and Hemicellulose
* found in ___ cereals, ___, and ___ wheat
* increase ___ bulk and decreases ___ transit time
* insoluble

Answer 16

• unrefined, brand , whole
• stool, intestinal

Question 17

Dietary Fibers

Lignin
* found in the ___ parts of vegetables
* binds ___ and ___
* insoluble

Answer 17

• woody
• cholesterol and carcinogens

Question 18

Dietray Fibers

Pectin
* found in ___
* decreases rate of ___ uptake and decreaces serum ___
* soluble

Answer 18

• fruits
• sugar, cholesterol

Question 19

Lipids in Diet

• efficient source of energy ___ kcal/g
• carrier for ___ vitamins
• ___ is greater than 90% of dietary fat
• ___, cholesterol, ___ esters, and fatty acids are less that 10% dietary fat.

Answer 19

• 9 kcal/g
• fat soluble
• triacylglycerol
• phospholipids, cholesterol

Question 20

Essential fatty acids

ω-3 fatty acids
* __ acid (18:3) in ___ oils
* ___ acid (20:5) and ___ acid (22:6) in ___ oils

Answer 20

• α-linolenic, vegetable
• Eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), fish

Question 21

Essential fatty acids

ω-6 fatty acids
* ___ acid (18:2) in ___ oil
* ___ acid (20:4) in ___ and ___

Answer 21

• linoleic, corn
• arachidonic, meat and fish

Question 22

Essential fatty acids

• used to synthesize ___
• deficiency is rare in US
• ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acids in the diet is important in regulating blood ___, blood ___, and ___ functions

Answer 22

• eicosanoids
• blood pressure, blood clotting, immune

Question 23

Trans fatty acids

• unsaturated fatty acids found in nature have ___ double bonds
• hydrogenation converts ___ fatty acids to ____ fatty acids and produces ___ fatty acids as byproducts
• ___ fatty acids have a higher melting point that ___ configuration
• trans fats raise blood ___ levels and increase the risk of ___ disease.

Answer 23

• cis
• unsaturated to saturated, trans
• trans, cis
• cholesterol, heart

Question 24

Digestion of Lipids

• fat needs to be ___ for digestion
• this is done by ___ acids
• gastric and pancreatic ___ hydrolyze triacylglycerol to ___ and monoacylglyceryol
• fatty acids act as ___
• esterase hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol and ___ ester

lipid phase made into small droplets

Answer 24

• solubilized
• bile
• lipases, fatty acids
• surfactants
• cholesterol

Question 25

Utilization of lipids

• ___ delivers lipid to peripheral tissues directly
• ___ uses fat as an energy source
• ___ does not used fat
• when starved, liver converts fatty acid to ___ which are the used by ___ and ___

Answer 25

• chylomicron
• muscle
• brain
• ketone bodies, brain, muscle

Question 26

Proteins in Diet

Excess protein is a source of energy
* eventually converted to triacylglycerol in ___ tissue
* makes up ___ body weight

Answer 26

• adipose
• 20%

Question 27

Nitrogen Balance

negative nitrogen balance - ___ dietary intake of protein, trauma or illness

positive nitrogen balance - growing children, ___ women, or adults recovering from illness

Answer 27

• inadequate
• pregnant

Question 28

T or F: essential amino acids are synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts

Answer 28

False; they are the ones that can’t be synthesized or cannot be made sufficiently

arginine, methionine, and phenylalanine

Question 29

what are conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 29

amino acids that cannot be made if an essential amino acid is not ingested

if phenylalanine is not ingested enough, tyrosine cannot be made

Question 30

Digestion of Proteins

Gastric digestion
* low pH of ___ denatures proteins
* ___ are stable and active at acidic pH; espartic protease

Answer 30

• 2
• pepsins

Question 31

Digestion of Proteins

Intestinal digestion - ___ at the luminal surface
* brush border at the luminal surface of ___ cells
* rich in ___
* produce free amino acids and di and tri___

Answer 31

peptidases
* epithelial
* peptidases
* peptides

Question 32

Digestion of Proteins.

Intestinal Digestion - ___ peptidases
* amino acid and peptide ___ systems
* intracellular ___ of di and tripeptides
* practically only ___ amino acids are realeased to blood.

Answer 32

intracellular
* transport
* hydrolysis
* free

Question 33

Celiac Disease

• ___ intolerance
• ___ disorder in genetically predisposed individuals
• caused by ___ to gluten
• major proteins contained in ___, ___ , and ___
• lining of ___ is inflamed and damaged causing ___ , ___ , and ___

Answer 33

• gluten
• autoimmune
• exposure
• wheat, rye, and barley
• small intestine, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition

Question 34

Energy Reserves

• excess energy is stored mostly as fat in ___ tissue
• glycogen in the liver to maintain ___ levels
• glycogen in muscle is used for ___
• protein is not a ___ energy reserve

Answer 34

• adipose
• blood glucose
• exercise
• preferred

Question 35

Well-fed state

• ___ release
• glycolysis and ___ synthesis
• catabolism of ___ acids
• ___ acid synthesis
• no ____ = no ___ cyclle

Answer 35

• insulin
• glycogen
• amino
• fatty
• gluconeogenesis, Cori

Question 36

Early Fasting State

• ___ release
• ____ breakdown
• gluconeogenesis: ___ cycle and ___ cycle
• no ____ of amino acids

Answer 36

• glucagon
• glycogen
• Cori, Alanine
• catabolism

Question 37

Fasting State

• ___ release
• gluconeogenesis
• protein is used as a major carbon and ___ source (2 amino acids)
• ___ in adipose tissue
• fatty acid ___
• ketogenesis
• reduced ___ hormones
• daily basal energy requirement drops by ___%

Answer 37

• glucagon
• nitrogen (alanine, glutamine)
• lipolysis
• oxidation
• thyroid
• 25%

Question 38

Caloric Homeostasis

• if [glucose] < ___ nM (27 mg/dL), coma and death with follow
• hyperglycemia leads to ___ , ___ coma, and complications of ___

Answer 38

• 1.5 nM
• dehydration, hyperglycemic, diabetes

Question 39

Energy for Brain

• brain uses more than ___% of total energy
• ___ g of glucose/day is preferred
• uses ___% of total oxygen
• membrane potential uses ___ ATPase
• brain does not use ___ or ___ storage
• use ketone bodies during starvation made from ___ in the liver

Answer 39

• 20%
• 100-120g
• 15-20%
• Na+/K+
• fat, glycogen
• acetyl-CoA

Question 40

Protein-energy malnutrition

Marasmus: inadequate intake of both ___ and ___
* thin, wasted appearance

Answer 40

protein and energy

Question 41

Protein-energy malnutrition

Kwashiorkor: inadequate intake of ___ with adequate ___ intake
* mainly in children ___ years of age
* deceptice plump appearance due to ___

Answer 41

protein, energy
* 1-3
* edema