Micronutrients

Question 1

Define micronutrients

Answer 1

substance needed in small amounts for metabolism which cannot be synthesised by body in sufficient amount

Question 2

Out of vitamins A,B,C,D,E and K which are fat soluble and which are water soluble?

Answer 2

fat- ADEK

water- B,C

Question 3

What are the vitamin deficiencies of the following: A,D,C,B12, K?

Answer 3

A- impaired night vision
D - impaired calcium absorption & bone mineralization (rickets & osteoporosis)
C - breakdown of connective tissue (scurvy)
B12 - megaloblastic anaemia
K - haemorrhagic disease

Question 4

What are the sources of Vit A? and what supplement can be taken?

Answer 4

dairy fat, eggs, liver, fatty fish, carotene in veg retinol supp

Question 5

What supplement can be taken for Vit D?

Answer 5

Cholecalciferol

Question 6

What is the pre-cursor for vit D? where is it produced and regulated by?

Answer 6

pre - 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitrol)
produced - kidney
reg - parathyroid hormone

Question 7

Calcitrol acts on what receptors?

Answer 7

nuclear

Question 8

What is Vit Ds function?

Answer 8

stimulates gene synthesis of CaBP to increase calcium absorption from GIT, enhances reabsorption of calcium from kidney

Question 9

What are the sources of Vit D?

Answer 9

ultraviolet B light
oily fish 
cod liver oil and other fish oils 
egg yolk 
supplemented breakfast cereals 
margarine 
infant formula milk

Question 10

What is the function of Vit E?

Answer 10

Antioxidant

prevents damage to phospholipids

Question 11

What are the sources of Vit E?

Answer 11

veg oils 
whole grain cereals
green leafed veg
seeds
nuts 
eggs

Question 12

What is the function of Vit K and what does warfarin do?

Answer 12

required for post translational mod of prothrombin & clotting factors VII,IX,X
Warfarin - blocks vit K reductase

Question 13

What are the sources of Vit K?

Answer 13

liver
green leafy veg
some veg oils milk

Question 14

What are the sources & risks of vit B12?

Answer 14

sources - meat, fish, eggs, fermented foods

risks - vegan diet, poor absorption (pernicious anaemia inadequate production of intrinsic factor)

Question 15

What are the sources, deficiencies and risk of folic acid?

Answer 15

sources - green leafy veg, liver
deficiency - megaloblastic anaemia, neural tube defects
risk - poor diet, malabsorption, phenytoin

Question 16

What is Thiamin (it B3) required for, sources, deficiency and risk?

Answer 16

req - metabolism
sources- breakfast cereals, flour, wholegrain, veg, milk
def - beriberi - effects on sensory and motor nerves
risk - poor diet, alcoholics and refined flour

Question 17

What are the use, source, deficiencies and risk of nicotinic acid/niacin (vit B3)?

Answer 17

metabolism
meat cereals fish
pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia
poor diet, alcoholics

Question 18

what are the sources, deficiency and risks of Vit C?

Answer 18

fruit, salad & leafy veg
scurvy
poor diet

Question 19

What is Vit Cs role?

Answer 19

antioxidant, converts proline to hydroxyproline - required for collagen

Question 20

Symptoms of scurvy and cause?

Answer 20

bleeding gums, loose teeth, leaky blood vessels, impaired wound healing
impaired synthesis of collagen

Question 21

calcium sources, deficiency and risk?

Answer 21

milk, milk product, fish, green veg, supplemented flour
long term - osteoporosis
risk - poor diet

Question 22

What is calcium needed for?

Answer 22

bones, cell signalling, muscle function

Question 23

Iron sources, deficiency & risk?

Answer 23

meat fish cereals green veg
anaemia
chronic blood loss, veg diet low in Fe