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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 8- Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 8- Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes?

A

Segments of DNA that code for functional products

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2
Q

What are the functional products?

A

RNA and proteins

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3
Q

What are the types of RNA?

A

rRNA
tRNA
mRNA

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polynucleotide

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5
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

Combination of nucleotides connected through covalent bonds

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6
Q

Why is DNA complementary in nature?

A

Because of the specific base pairing
-The base sequence of one DNA strand determines the base sequence of the other strand

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7
Q

What are the nitrogenous base pairs?

A

A-T
C-G

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8
Q

How are paired DNA strands oriented?

A

Anti parallel

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9
Q

What is Antiparallel?

A

They run in opposite directions. One strand of the double helix is upside down.

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10
Q

Why is the sugar of the one strand upside-down?

A

So the paired bases can be next and close to each other
and for Stability

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11
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

When an original strand is conserved and 1 new one is added

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12
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

The point at which replication occurs

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13
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

Is synthesised continuously and in same direction as the replication fork
5’ - 3’

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14
Q

What is a lagging strand?

A

Synthesised discontinuously in fragments
Strand opens in 3’ - 5’ direction

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15
Q

What is the first enzyme used in DNA replication?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

What is Helicase?

A

Unwinds/unzips double-stranded DNA

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17
Q

What is the second enzyme used in DNA replication?

A

Gyrase

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18
Q

What is Gyrase?

A

Relaxes supercoiling

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19
Q

What is Primase?

A

aka RNA polymerase
-makes RNA primers from a DNA template
-Acts as a guide to know where new nucleotides need to be built

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20
Q

What occurs on the leading strand during replication?

A

DNA polymerase picks up nucleotides from cytoplasm, proof reads them and attaches complimentary bases to the strand

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21
Q

What occurs on the lagging strand during replication?

A

Primase (RNA primer) is added constantly because of the 3’-5’ direction and then RNA polymerase forms short strand of primer, then DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in short fragments

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22
Q

What are the fragments of the lagging strand called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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23
Q

How is the gap filled/Okazaki fragments joined together?

A

Enzyme: DNA ligase

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24
Q

What does Semiconservative replication require?

A

Lots of ATP
-Supplied from nucleotides

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25
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

26
Q

What is Translation?

A

Protein synthesis
-Process of decoding nucleic acids into proteins

27
Q

Why can’t DNA polymerase read the lagging strand?

A

Because it is upside down

28
Q

How does DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to the lagging strand?

A

By removing RNA primer and RNA polymerase and replaces it with DNA

29
Q

What is DNA polymerase process of adding DNA in the lagging strand called?

A

Exonuclease activity

30
Q

What is the structure of replication in bacteria?

A

A ring

31
Q

How does DNA replicate in bacteria?

A

Two replications occur going in opposite directions and two new rings created (1 new 1 old)

32
Q

Where do the two rings meet?

A

At the termination replication point

33
Q

Where does replication start in bacteria?

A

Starts at the origin of replication

34
Q

What does transcription make?

A

RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

35
Q

What kind of RNA is new?

A

mRNA

36
Q

What kind of RNA is recycled?

A

rRNA and tRNA

37
Q

What is the name of where the gene begins in transcription?

A

Promoter

38
Q

What is the name of where the gene ends in transcription?

A

terminator

39
Q

What does RNA polymerase do in transcription?

A
  1. Copies gene
  2. Creates one strand (The RNA strand)
40
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Different sugar
# of strands: DNA- Double RNA- Single
Different bases: DNA- Thymine RNA- Uracil

41
Q

Where does transcription occur in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

43
Q

How does RNA leave the nucleus in eukaryotes?

A

RNA splicing

44
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Non coding sequences of RNA are removed and coding sequences join together to form mRNA

45
Q

What are coding sequences called in RNA splicing?

A

Exons

46
Q

What are non coding sequences called in RNA splicing?

A

Introns

47
Q

What is mRNA’s role in Translation?

A

Carries the code from the copy of one strand of DNA in codons

48
Q

What are codons?

A

Triplet sequences of bases

49
Q

What is the sequence for the universal start codon?

A

AUG

50
Q

What is the sequence for the stop codon?

A

UAG
UGA
UAA

51
Q

What is a stop codon’s function?

A

Signal end of protein synthesis

52
Q

What is rRNA’s role in translation?

A

A ribosomal unit where decoding happens

53
Q

What is tRNA’s role in translation?

A

A specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule so the right amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized

54
Q

What is tRNA’s structure?

A

3 arms that have an anticodon

55
Q

What is the longest arm of tRNA called?

A

Acceptor arm

56
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides that are complimentary to the mRNA codon

e.g Codon: ACG Anticodon: UGC

57
Q

How are amino acids attached?

A

Peptide bonds

58
Q

How many amino acids are universally used?

A

20

59
Q

What is Degeneracy?

A

1 a.a has multiple codes which allows for some misreading/mutation in the DNA without affecting the protein made

60
Q

Summarise the order of enzymes used for DNA replication:

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Gyrase
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. RNA primer
  5. RNA polymerase
  6. DNA polymerase
  7. Ligase

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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