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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 4- Functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 4- Functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the types of shapes of cells?

A

Spiral
Bacillus
Coccus
Coccobacillus
Pleomorphic

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2
Q

What are the types of spiral arrangements?

A

Vibrio
Spirillum
Spriochete

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3
Q

What is an example of a vibrio shaped bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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4
Q

What does Vibrio cholerae cause?

A

Cholera

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5
Q

What is an example of spirochete shaped bacteria?

A

Treponema pallidum

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6
Q

What does Treponema pallidum cause?

A

Syphillis

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7
Q

What is an example of bacillus bacteria (rod shaped)?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis cause?

A

Anthrax

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9
Q

What are the arrangements of bacillus?

A

Single bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
(Rod shaped)

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10
Q

What are the arrangements of coccus?

A

Diplococci (pair)
Streptococci (chain)
Staphylococci (cluster)

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11
Q

What is an example of diplococci shaped bacteria?

A

Neisseria gonnorhea

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12
Q

What is an example streptococci shaped bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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13
Q

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Strep throat

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14
Q

What is an example of staphylococci shaped bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Staph infections
MRSA, skin infections

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16
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Shape varies

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17
Q

What are the prokaryotic structures external to the cell wall?

A

Flagella
Axial filament
Glycocalyx
Fimbrae
Pilus

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18
Q

What is a flagella?

A

Filaments that propel bacteria
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to wall by basal body

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19
Q

What is it called when there is a flagella on one end?

A

Monotrichous

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20
Q

What is it called when there are flagella at both ends?

A

Amphitrichous

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21
Q

What is it called when there is multiple flagella on one end?

A

Lophotrichous

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22
Q

What is it called when there are flagella distributed over the entire cell?

A

Peritrichous

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23
Q

What is it called when there are no flagella?

A

Atrichous

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24
Q

What is an axial filament?

A

SPIROCHETES ONLY
Bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell and propel it in a spiral motion (corkscrew)

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25
Q

What is the other name for axial filaments?

A

Endoflagella

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26
Q

What is the structure of a glycocalyx

A

Capsule outside of the cell wall made from polysaccharides and polypeptides

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27
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A
  1. Increase virulence
  2. Decrease phagocytosis
  3. Allow bacteria to attach to target environment
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28
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree to which a pathogen causes disease

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29
Q

What is a bacteria that has increased virulence?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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30
Q

What is an example of the glycalyx allowing bacteria to attach to target more easily?

A

Streptococcus mutans containing a capsule attach to teeth causing tooth decay

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31
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

Numerous hair like projections on the exterior of a cell

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32
Q

What is the differences between fimbrae and flagella?

A

Fimbrae are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella

33
Q

What is the function of fimbrae?

A

help attach/adhere to surfaces

34
Q

What is an example of bacteria with fimbrae?

A

Neisseria gonorhoeae

35
Q

What are pili? (pilus)

A

Pilin protein projections that are involved in motility and DNA transfer
-One or two per cell
Aka Sex pilus

36
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?

A

peptidoglycan or murein

37
Q

What is the peptido portion made from?

A

Polypeptides and Tetra-peptides (side chains)

38
Q

What are tetrapeptides?

A

4 amino acids attached to NAMs

39
Q

What is the glycol portion made from?

A

disaccharides related to GLUCOSE

40
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide portion?

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

41
Q

What do alternating NAMs and NAGs form in peptidoglycan?

A

A carbohydrate/sugar backbone

42
Q

What are the two types of bacteria cell walls?

A

GRAM-positive
GRAM-negative

43
Q

What are GRAM-positive cell walls made from?

A

Several layers of PG (more rigid) and teichoic acid

44
Q

What is Teichoic acid?

A

Alcohol + phosphate

45
Q

What alcohols can be present in teichoic acid?

A

Ribitol - 5 carbons
Glycerol - 3 carbons

46
Q

What are the two classes of teichoic acids?

A

Lipoteichoic acid
Wall teichoic acid

47
Q

What is Lipoteichoic acid?

A

Spans the PG layer and linked to the plasma membrane

48
Q

What is wall teichoic acid?

A

Linked to PG layer

49
Q

What is the function of teichoic acid?

A
  1. Antigenic specificity
  2. Negatively charged phosphate groups (PO4) regulate movement of positive ions in/out of cell
50
Q

What is the structure of GRAM-negative cell walls?

A

One or two layers of peptidoglycan
Outer membrane inside periplasm

51
Q

What are the 4 layers of the outer membrane of GRAM-negative cell walls?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Porins (proteins)
  3. Lipoproteins
  4. Lipopolysaccharides
52
Q

What are Porins?

A

Channels that permit passage of molecules
e.g. Disacharrides, iron and B12

53
Q

What does a Lipopolysaccharide contain?

A

Lipids + Carbohydrates

54
Q

What is the lipid portion of the LPS?

A

Lipid A

55
Q

What happens when GRAM-negative cells die?

A

Lipid A is released acting as an endotoxin
-causes fever, vasodilation, blood clotting, GI tract problems and shock

56
Q

What is the polysachharide portion of LPS?

A

O polysaccharide

57
Q

What is O polysaccharide’s function?

A

Serves as an antigen
Similar role to Teichoic acid in Gram-positive

58
Q

What is periplasm?

A

Periplasmic space
Active area of cell metabolism
Location: Between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

59
Q

What are 3 types of atypical cell walls?

A

Mycobacterium species (Acid-fast cell walls)
Mycoplasma species
Archaea

60
Q

What do mycobacterium species contain?

A

Mycolic acid: a waxy lipid bound to PG

61
Q

What are examples of mycobacterium species?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

62
Q

What are mycoplasma?

A

Lack cell walls
Have sterols in plasma membrane

63
Q

What are sterols?

A

Lipids in plasma membrane that help protect from lysis

64
Q

What is an example of a mycoplasma?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

65
Q

What are Archaea?

A

Have no cell wall or unusual cell wall with no peptidoglycan
Contain pseudomurein/ pseudopeptidoglycan

66
Q

What is pseudopeptidoglycan/murein?

A

contains n-acetylalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM

67
Q

What causes damage to the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Lysozyme and antibiotics

68
Q

What is Lysozyme?

A

A digestive enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the bonds between the sugars in the backbone of peptidoglycan

69
Q

What happens to GRAM-positive cells when exposed to lysozyme?

A

Protoplast
- Cell wall is almost completely destroyed leaving just the plasma membrane

70
Q

What happens to GRAM-negative cells when exposed to lysozyme?

A

Spheroplast
- cell wall and outer membrane is somewhat destroyed

71
Q

What causes cell death of protoplasts and spheroplasts?

A

Osmotic lysis
-Burst in water or dilute salt/sugar solutions

72
Q

How do antibiotics damage bacteria cell walls?

A

Inhibits formation of peptido portion of peptidoglycan
-peptide cross bridges can’t form to make a functional cell wall

73
Q

What antibiotic is gram-positive cell walls more susceptible to?

A

Penicillin
Why? Bc Gram-negative have fewer peptide cross-bridges

74
Q

What are endospores?

A

specialized cells formed from certain nutrient-depleted Gram-positive bacteria

75
Q

What are two species can have endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

76
Q

What is an example of bacillus containing endospores?

A

Bacillus antracis
(Causes anthrax)

77
Q

What are 4 examples of clostridium bacteria containing endospores?

A

Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
Clostridium perfringens (Gangrene)
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium difficile (Colitis)

78
Q

How are endospores formed?

A

Sporulation

79
Q

What Gram-negative bacteria can form endospores?

A

Coxiella burnetti
causes Q-fever

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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