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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 11- The Prokaryotes: Domains of EUbacteria > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 11- The Prokaryotes: Domains of EUbacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of Gram negative bacteria?

A
  1. Proteobacteria
  2. Independent groups (aka Other)
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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of Proteobacteria?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
  4. Delta (not important)
  5. Epsilon
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3
Q

What are the independent groups?

A
  1. Chlamydiae
  2. Bacteroidetes
  3. Fusobacterium
  4. Spirochetes
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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of Gram positive bacteria?

A

Low G+C
High G+C

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5
Q

What is G+C?

A

Guanine and cytosine ratio

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6
Q

What is the name of LOW G+C bacteria called?

A

Fermicutes

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7
Q

A Type of Alpha proteobacteria?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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8
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii: Shape

A

Rods/ Coccobacillus

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9
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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10
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii: How do they spread?

A

Insect/ ticks (Are a parasite)

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11
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii: Causes

A

Spotted fever (Damages Cardiovascular system)

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12
Q

Types of Beta proteobacteria?

A

A) Bordetella pertussis
B) Neisseria

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13
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Shape

A

Bacillus

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14
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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15
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Structure

A

Capsule

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16
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Causes

A

Whooping cough

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17
Q

What are the types of Neisseria? (Beta)

A

a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Neisseria meningitis

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18
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Shape

A

Dipplococci

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19
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Respiration

A

Aerobic

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20
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Structure

A

Capsule and fimbrae

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21
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: causes

A

Gonorrhoea

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22
Q

Neisseria meningitis: Shape

A

Dipplococci

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23
Q

Neisseria meningitis: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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24
Q

Neisseria meningitis: Structure

A

Capsule

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25
Q

Neisseria meningitis: Causes

A

Meningitis

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26
Q

Types of Gamma proteobacteria?

A

A) Pseudomonadales
B) Legionellales
C) Vibrionales
D) Enteriobacteriales
E) Pasteurellales

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27
Q

Types of Pseudomonadales?

A

a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
b. Moraxella lacunata

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28
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Shape

A

Rods

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29
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Respiration

A

Aerobic
- The best psychrotrophs

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30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Structure

A

Monotrichous or Lophotrichous flagella

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31
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Produce pigment?

A

A blue/green pigment called Pyocyanin is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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32
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Causes

A
  1. Blue/green Pus in burn patients
  2. UTI
  3. Speticema
  4. Pink eye
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33
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Spread

A

Spread easily in hospitals because they love carbon
e.g, Antibiotics and antiseptics

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34
Q

Moraxella lacunata: Shape

A

Coccobacilli

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35
Q

Moraxella lacunata: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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36
Q

Moraxella lacunata: Causes

A

Pink eye

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37
Q

Types of Legionellales?

A

a. Legionella pneumophila
b. Coxiella burnetti

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38
Q

Legionella pneumophila: Shape

A

Bacillus/ Rods

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39
Q

Legionella pneumophila: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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40
Q

Legionella pneumophila: Spread by?

A

Contaminated water sources
e.g; AC units, Hot water tanks, shower heads
-not spread via humans

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41
Q

Legionella pneumophila: Causes

A

2 forms of Pneumonia:
1. Legionaire’s disease (Fatal)
2. Pontiac fever (mild)

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42
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Shape

A

Bacillus/ rods

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43
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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44
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Structure

A

ENDOSPORES
-Only gram-neg bacteria with endospores

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45
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Spread by?

A

Harbored in Animals (Cattle) and spread through unpasteurised milk and aerosols

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46
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Causes

A

Q-fever (type of pneumonia)

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47
Q

A type of Vibrionales?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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48
Q

Vibrio cholerae: shape

A

Vibrio (curved rod)

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49
Q

Vibrio cholerae: respiration

A

Facultative anaerobic
-Grow faster when O2 is present but can still grow without O2

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50
Q

Vibrio cholerae: Structure

A

Monotrichous flagella

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51
Q

Vibrio cholerae: Causes

A

Rice-water stools

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52
Q

Types of Enteriobacteriales?

A

a. Escherichia coli
b. Salmonella
c. Shigella dysenteriae

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53
Q

All Enteriobacteriales; Shape

A

Bacillus (rods)

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54
Q

All Enteriobacteriales: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobes

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55
Q

All Enteriobacteriales: Structure

A

Peritrichous flagella
Pili/pilus

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56
Q

What is an enteric?

A

All Enteriobacteriales
-GI tract loving
Kill and destroy all other bacteria

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57
Q

All Enteriobacteriales: produce

A

Bacteriocin
-Peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of a closely related strain

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58
Q

why is Escherichia coli a lab pet?

A

Grows easily

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59
Q

What do regulatory agencies test for in water?

A

Coliform

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60
Q

Escherichia coli: Causes

A

Travellers diarrhoea (hospitals)
UTI
HUS (Haemolytic uremic syndrome)

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61
Q

What does HUS cause?

A

hemolysis and kidney failure

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62
Q

Escherichia coli: Spread by?

A

Food borne illness
e.g; ground beef

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63
Q

What are the types of Salmonella?

A

a. Salmonella typhi
b. Salmonella enterica

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64
Q

Salmonella enterica: Spread by?

A

Food source

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65
Q

Salmonella typhi: Spread by?

A

A human carrier

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66
Q

Salmonella typhi: Causes

A

Severe GI infection

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67
Q

What does Shigella dysenteriea produce?

A

Shiga toxin

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68
Q

What is shiga toxin?

A

A bacterial protein toxin that inhibits protein synthesis that destroys cell which leaves a scar, most commonly in the intestines

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69
Q

Shigella dysenteriea: Spread by?

A

Fecal matter
-commonly spread in day cares

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70
Q

What is a type of pasteurellales?

A

Hemophilus influenza

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71
Q

Hemophilus influenza: Shape

A

Coccobacilli

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72
Q

Hemophilus influenza: Respiration

A

Aerobic

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73
Q

Haemophilus influenza: Structure

A

Capsule

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74
Q

Why is Haemophilus influenza blood-loving?

A

The bacteria uses the X factor and V factor from the blood to grow. As the bacteria itself is missing both factors.

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75
Q

What is the X factor?

A

Cytochrome

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76
Q

What is the V factor?

A

NAD or NADP

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77
Q

Haemophilus influenza: Causes

A

Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
—> NOT INFLUENZA!! <—

78
Q

What are types of epsilon proteobacteria?

A
  1. Helicobacter pylori
  2. Complyobacter jejuni
79
Q

Helicobacter pylori: Shape

80
Q

Helicobacter pylori: Respiration

A

Microaerophile

81
Q

Helicobacter pylori: Structure

A

Peritrichous flagella

82
Q

Helicobacter pylori: Causes

A

Stomach ulcers

83
Q

Complyobacter jejuni: Shape

84
Q

Complyobacter jejuni: respiration

A

Microaerophile

85
Q

Complyobacter jejuni: Structure

A

Monotrichous flagella

86
Q

Complyobacter jejuni: Causes

A

Gastroenteritis

87
Q

What is a common type of Chlamydiae?

A

Chlamydiae trachomatis

88
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis: Shape

A

Coccobacilli

89
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis: respiration

90
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis: Spread by?

A

Airborne routes or interpersonal contact
e.g Fomites

91
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis: causes

A

Trachoma (Blindness)
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Lympho-Granuloma Venereum

92
Q

How long is the Chlamydiae life cycle?

93
Q

What does the Chlamydiae start off as in their life cycle?

A

An elementary body

94
Q

What is an elementary body?

A

A bacteria’s infectious form that attaches to a host cell

95
Q

What does the elementary turn into after the host cell phagocytizes it? (Chlamydiae life cycle)

A

The elementary body is housed inside the vacuole and it then reorganises into a RETICULATE BODY

96
Q

What do the reticulate bodies do during the Chlamydiae life cycle?

A

They multiply and then convert back to elementary bodies which are then released from the host cell and the cycle continues

97
Q

Bacteroidetes species: Shape

A

Rods/ bacillus

98
Q

Bacteroidetes species: Respiration

99
Q

Bacteroidetes species: Causes

A

Gingivitis and Peritonitis

100
Q

What is Gingivitis?

A

Pus forms between the tooth and gum causing inflammation and eventually could result in losing teeth

101
Q

Fusobacterium species: Shape

A

Bacillus/rods

102
Q

Fusobacterium species: Respiration

103
Q

Fusobacterium species: Causes

A

Gingivitis

104
Q

What is a type of Spirochetes?

A

Treponema pallidum

105
Q

Treponema pallidum: Causes

A

An STD (Syphilis)

106
Q

How is Treponema pallidum grown?

A

Only in live bodies e.g; Rabbits
(No in vitro)

107
Q

Why could there be a potential vaccine for Treponema pallidum?

A

Because it’s genome is fully mapped

108
Q

What are the types of Firmicutes? (Low G+C gram positive)

A
  1. Clostridiales
  2. Bacillales
  3. Lactobacillales
    4.Mycoplasmatales
109
Q

What are the types of Clostridiales?

A

A. Clostridium
B. Clostridioides

110
Q

What are specific types of Clostridium?

A

Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens

111
Q

What is a specific type of Clostridioide?

A

Clostridioides difficile

112
Q

All clostridiales: Shape

A

Bacillus (rods)

113
Q

All clostridiales: Respiration

114
Q

All clostridiales: Structure

A

Endospore
“Lollipop rods”

115
Q

All clostridiales: Spread by?

116
Q

What are specific types of Bacillales?

A

A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Staphylococcus aureus

117
Q

Bacillus anthracis: Shape

A

Bacillus (rods)

118
Q

Bacillus anthracis: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobe
-Still considered aerobic

119
Q

Bacillus anthracis: Structure

A

Endospores

120
Q

Bacillus anthracis: Spread by?

121
Q

What was Bacillus anthracis used as during 9/11?

A

A bioweapon

122
Q

Bacillus anthracis: Causes

123
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Shape

A

Clusters (Staphylococcus)

124
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobe

125
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Grows in?

A

Special media

126
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Colour

127
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Causes

A

Skin infections (Sty), Toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning

128
Q

Types of Lactobacillales?

A

A. Lactobacillus
B. Streptococcus
C. Listeria
D. Enterococcus

129
Q

Are Lactobacillus sp. pathogenic?

A

Not really

130
Q

Lactobacillus sp.: Respiration

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes (Fermenters)

131
Q

Lactobacillus sp.: Shape

132
Q

Where is Lactobacillus sp. used?

A

Commercially and in hospitals

133
Q

What is Lactobacillus sp. commercial use?

A

Probiotics

134
Q

What is Lactobacillus sp. hospital use?

A

For women health

135
Q

What does Lactobacillus sp. do in regards to women’s health?

A

-During puberty estrogen triggers the production of Lactobacilli in the vagina to create a sterile environment (acidic)

-During pregnancy, lactobacilli is used as a protective mechanism (Increases population) as it the first bacteria a newborn comes in contact with

136
Q

All Streptococcus are in chains EXCEPT?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

137
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Shape

A

Dipplococci

138
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Structure

139
Q

Types of streptococcus?

A

A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Streptococcus mutans
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae

140
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causes

A

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Otitis media

141
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes: Shape

A

Streptococcus (a Chain)

142
Q

all Streptococcus: Respiration

A

Aerotolerant

143
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes: Structure

A

Doesn’t have a capsule to attach, instead uses M-protein

144
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes: Causes

A

Skin infections
Strep throat
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
Otitis media

145
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes: Grows in?

A

Blood agar
-Produces clear zones due to beta- hemolysis

146
Q

Streptococcus mutans: Shape

A

Streptococcus (Chains)

147
Q

Streptococcus mutans: structure

148
Q

Streptococcus mutans: Causes

A

Tooth decay

149
Q

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Grow in?

A

Blood agar
-Non-beta haemolytic

150
Q

What is a type of listeria?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

151
Q

Listeria monocytogenes: Shape

152
Q

Listeria monocytogenes: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobe

153
Q

Listeria monocytogenes: grow in what temperature?

A

Cold
-Psychotrophs

154
Q

Listeria monocytogenes: Spread by

A

Spoiled foods
-Cold cuts (deli meat)
-Premade Salad
-Soft cheeses

155
Q

Listeria monocytogenes: Causes

A

Listeriosis (food borne illness, food poisoning like symptoms)

156
Q

Why is Listeria monocytogenes dangerous during pregnancy?

A

If infected the mother may have a miscarriage, still born or an ill newborn

157
Q

What are some types of Enterococcus bacteria?

A

A. Enterococcus faecalis
B. Enterococcus faecium

158
Q

Enterococcus: Shape

159
Q

Enterococcus: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobe

160
Q

Why are enterococcus described as hardy?

A

They are very resistant and can survive easily in air, bedding, hands
-Healthcare-associated infections

161
Q

Enterococcus: Causes

A

Catheter infections
UTI
Surgical wound infections

162
Q

Enterococcus: spread by?

A

Fecal matter

163
Q

Type of mycoplasma?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

164
Q

Why are mycoplasma atypical?

A

Have NO cell wall
-Pleomorphic

165
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Appearance

A

Fried-egg shape

166
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae have _______ in their plasma membrane

167
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Causes

A

Walking pneumonia
-milder lung infection
-Young adults are more susceptible

168
Q

How is walking pneumonia treated?

A

Tetracycline

169
Q

What are types of HIGH G+C bacteria?

A
  1. Mycobacterium sp.
  2. Corynebacterium
  3. Propionibacterium sp.
170
Q

Mycobacterium contain?

A

Mycolic acid

171
Q

Mycobacterium: Shape

A

Bacillus (rods)

172
Q

Mycobacterium: respiration

173
Q

Mycobacterium use what kind of stain?

A

Acid-fast stain
-Their diagnosis is more reliable

174
Q

What are Mycobacterium resistant to because of the mycolic acid?

A

Desiccation
Antiseptics
Antibiotics

175
Q

How do Mycobacterium grow?

A

Grow very slowly: Nutrients enter slowly making colonies appear at around 20 hours of growth

176
Q

Examples of Mycobacterium?

A

Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

177
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Shape

A

Bacillus (rods)

178
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Respiration

A

Facultative anaerobe

179
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Staining appearance

A

Picket fence or Chinese alphabet because they are pleomorphic

180
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Site of colonisation appearance

A

Pseudomembrane forms causing a leather like appearance

181
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Causes

A

Diphtheria
(An upper respiratory tract infection)

182
Q

Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae preventable?

A

Yes, the D Tap vaccine provides immunity against infection

183
Q

What is a type of Propionibacterium?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

184
Q

Propionibacterium acnes: Shape

185
Q

Propionibacterium acnes: Respiration

186
Q

Why is Propionibacterium used for Swiss cheese?

A

They can be fermenters

187
Q

How does Propionibacterium affect Swiss cheese?

A

Adds flavour (nutty) and creates holes (CO2)

188
Q

What is the end product that creates Swiss cheese flavour?

A

Propionic acid

189
Q

Propionibacterium acnes: Causes

190
Q

What else is involved in acne formation other than bacteria?

191
Q

How is Propionibacterium acnes treated?

A

Can be treated without use of antibiotics
e.g; Benzoyl peroxide, routine cleaning

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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