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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 21- Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 21- Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bacteria affecting the skin?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes
  3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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2
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureus invade the skin?

A

Attach to and infect hair follicle (Folliculitis)

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3
Q

What are infections caused by Staph. aureus?

A
  1. Sty (eyelash folliculitis)
  2. Furuncle (Pus, red, swollen)
  3. Carbuncle (Tissue under skin inflamed, pus)
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4
Q

How is carbuncle treated?

A

Pus drained via surgery and use of antibiotics (penicillin)

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5
Q

What is a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus that commonly affects new borns?

A

Impetigo

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6
Q

Impetigo appearance:

A

Yellowish crust, inflammation

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7
Q

What are two syndromes caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A

SSSS and TSS

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8
Q

What is SSSS?

A

Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome
-Skin develops redness, blisters form, fill with a clear liquid (NO PUS), peel off skin and leave person vulnerable to a secondary infection

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9
Q

Why does SSSS happen?

A

Staphylococcus aureus releases an exfoliative exotoxin

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of exfoliative exotoxins?

A

Destry skin cells by breaking up ester bonds

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11
Q

What is TSS?

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome

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12
Q

What increases risk of TSS?

A

Tampon use
Surgical wound
Child birth

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13
Q

Why do tampons lead to TSS?

A

The material is abrasive and upon insertion lead to small cuts that are prone to infection due to the nutrient rich environment

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14
Q

What TSS toxins are associated with tampon use and surgical wounds?

A

TSS toxin-1 and toxin-2

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15
Q

TSS symptoms:

A

Fever, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, confusion, kidney failure, SSSS, shock and death (Less than 3%)

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16
Q

How can TSS be prevented?

A

Handwashing
Pad use
Frequent changing of tampon (look at absorbency)

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17
Q

What is the name of the group that Streptococcus pyogenes is a part of?

A

Group A beta haemolytic strep

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18
Q

Why is Streptococcus pyrogenes more invasive?

A

It has M-proteins

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19
Q

What are skin infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Impetigo
Erysipelas
Necrotising fasciitis

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20
Q

What population does streptococcus pyogenes impetigo affect?

A

Preschool age kids: 3-5 years old

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21
Q

Where does Erysipelas infect?

A

Deeper into dermis

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22
Q

Erysipelas appearance:

A

Red patches with raised margins

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23
Q

What causes necrotising fasciitis to occur?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes enters a break in the skin

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24
Q

What are released during a necrotxing fasciitis invasion?

A

Exoenzymes (Collagenase and hyluronidase) and Exotoxin A

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25
Q

Does necrotising fasciitis spread?

A

yes can spread to other organs causing multiple organ failure

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26
Q

What is the death rate for necrotising fasciitis?

A

50% mortality rate

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27
Q

What happens when the ear is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Otitis externa or swimmer’s ear
-contaminated water in ear

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28
Q

What happens when the skin is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Dermatitis
-A rash caused by dirty pools/hot tubs

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29
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Post-burn victims

A

Increased blue/green pus (pyocyanin), longer hospital stay and increased death rate (2/3rd)

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30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Cystic fibrosis patients

A

Bacteria evades phagocytosis and lungs are infected

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31
Q

Where is Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth seen?

A

Flower vases, mop water, antibiotics and antiseptics
-Carbon loving

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32
Q

What are opportunistic infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Burn victims, CF patients

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33
Q

What bacteria causes acne?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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34
Q

What are viral diseases that affect the skin?

A

Human Papilloma virus
Herpes Simplex virus
Measles
Rubella

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35
Q

What does human papilloma virus cause

36
Q

How many species of warts exist?

A

50 different species

37
Q

How are warts spread?

A

Fomites or sexual transmission (genital warts)

38
Q

What kind of infection are warts?

A

Superficial epidermis infection

39
Q

Warts spread sexually can lead to what?

A

Cancer: Cervical (~70% of cases) and throat/pharyngeal

40
Q

Is Human papilloma virus preventable?

A

Yes, HPV vaccine

41
Q

How many strains are targeted by the HPV vaccine?

A

4/50 strains

42
Q

How are warts treated?

A
  1. Cryotherapy (freezing)
  2. Electrodesiccation (cauterisation)
  3. Over the counter salicylic acid
  4. Laser surgery
  5. Duct tape
43
Q

What are the kinds of Herpes simplex virus affecting the skin?

A

HSV-1
HSV-2
HSV-3

44
Q

What kind off virus is HSV-1?

45
Q

Where does HSV-1 hide?

A

Trigeminal nerve: CN V

46
Q

Where does HSV-1 commonly show reoccurrence?

47
Q

What does HSV-1 cause?

A

A fever blister (cold sores)

48
Q

How is HSV-1 spread?

A

Oral and respiratory route

49
Q

What kind of infection is HSV-2?

50
Q

Where does HSV-2 hide?

A

Sacral ganglia

51
Q

How is HSV-2 spread?

52
Q

What does HSV-2 cause?

A

Genital sores

53
Q

What is the treatment for HSV-2?

54
Q

What happens if HSV-2 reaches the CNS?

A

Encephalitis
~70% fatality

55
Q

What does Herpes simplex virus cause that is commonly seen in medical personnel?

A

Herpetic whitlow
-small blisters on fingers

56
Q

How is HSV-1 and HSV-2 transmitted to another person?

57
Q

What is the other name for HSV-3?

A

Varicella-zoster virus

58
Q

HSV-3 is an example of what?

A

an Exanthem

59
Q

What are two skin infections caused by HSV-3?

A

Chicken pox (varicella)
Shingles (zoster)

60
Q

What is the starting point for the spread of chicken pox?

A

Respiratory tract

61
Q

After the respiratory tract where does chicken pox spread to?

A

Blood —> skin

62
Q

What are the incubation period stages of chicken pox

A
  1. Macule
  2. Papule
  3. Vesicle
  4. Pustule
63
Q

What kind of infection is HSV-3?

64
Q

Where does HSV-3 hide?

A

Dorsal root ganglia of nerves

65
Q

What does zoster mean?

A

Belt-/girdle appearance on skin

66
Q

Compared to chicken pox, shingles is more:

A

Painful and longer-lasting

67
Q

How is shingles treated?

68
Q

What are exanthems?

A

Widespread Skin rash arising from another focus of the infection

69
Q

Examples of exanthems?

A

Chicken pox (HSV-3)
Small pox
Measles
Rubella

70
Q

What is the other name for measles?

71
Q

What happens if a pregnant woman has measles?

A

Low birth weight, still born, miscarriage

72
Q

Measles: signs and symptoms?

A
  1. Macular red rash
  2. Cold/fever/flu
  3. Conjunctivitis (viral pink eye)
  4. Red oral Koplik’s spots
  5. Otitis media
73
Q

What is a diagnostic tool for measles?

A

Koplik’s spots

74
Q

What happens in 1/1000 cases of measles?

A

SSPE: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
-Infection travels to the brain, increased death rate

75
Q

What is the other name for Rubella virus?

A

German measles

76
Q

How is rubella different to rubeola?

A

Rubella= milder and no Koplik’s spots

77
Q

How is a fetus affected by rubella during pregancy?

A

Can cause fetal deafness, cataracts and mental delays

78
Q

Rubella appearance on skin?

79
Q

How is Measles/rubeola and Rubella prevented?

A

MMR vaccine
-no antiviral meds

80
Q

What are bacterial diseases affecting the eye?

A
  1. Conjunctivitis (can also be caused by virus)
  2. Trachoma
81
Q

How is bacteria caused conjunctivitis different than virus caused conjunctivitis ?

A

Bacteria = more pus

82
Q

What does conjunctivitis cause?

A

Inflammation of the eye, redness, swollen, watery and increased sensitivity

83
Q

Example of a bacteria causing conjunctivitis?

A

Pseudomonas species

84
Q

What can conjunctivitis progress to?

85
Q

How does Trachoma occur?

A
  1. Conjunctivitis of the eyelids
  2. Eyelids turn inward
  3. Cornea is abraded = Trichiasis
  4. Blindness
86
Q

What increases the risk of trachoma?

A

Unsanitary places and low antibiotic supply

87
Q

What is reversible by antibiotics and surgery (trachoma)?

A

Conjunctivitis and inward eyelids

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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