Microbio Chapter 24- Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory system Flashcards
What media does Strep thoat grow in?
Blood agar
What microbial diseases affect the UPPER respiratory tract?
Strep throat
Scarlet fever
Otitis media
Diptheriae
How is strep throat diagnosed?
Throat swab with exudate
What is a sequel to strep throat?
Scarlet “fever”
What exotoxin causes Scarlet fever?
SPE
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin aka erythrogenic exotoxin
-Chanegs permeability of RBCs
Scarlet fever symptoms?
- Fever
- Skin rash
- Red cheeks
- Swollen, red tongue
What is strep throat/scarlet fever treated with?
Penicillin/erythromycin
What is Otitis media caused by?
a. Nasopharyngeal infections
b. Contaminated H2O
Example of bacteria causing nasopharyngeal infections leading to otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Otitis media symptoms?
Pus forms
-Can be painful which causes vominiting
If otitis media is a viral infection what happens?
Less pus produced
Is bacterial or viral otitis media harder to treat?
Viral b.c there aren’t any anti-virals to treat it
What does Diptheriae bacteria produce?
Classic A-B exotoxin
What kind of disease is Diptheriae?
Progressive, goes through different phases
How many phases does diphtheria go through?
2
What occurs during Phase #1 of diphtheria?
- Mild fever
- Sore throat
- Fatigue
- Neck swells
What occurs during Phase #2 of diphtheria?
- Fluid oozes
- Fluid thickens
- Pseudomembrane forms (requires surgery)
- Airway obstructed (Air occluded)
- Suffocation
- Death
What is the cutaneous form of diphtheria?
Skin ulcers form, septicaemia sets in
Is Diphtheria preventable?
Yes, Dtap vaccine
What microbial diseases affect the LOWER respiratory tract?
Whooping cough/Pertussis
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Influenza
What bacteria causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
What structure does Bordetella pertussis cell have?
A capsule
What does Bordetella pertussis produce?
Exotoxin (Tracheal cytotoxin) and endotoxin
What causes the extreme coughing associated with Whooping cough?
The exotoxin (Tracheal cytotoxin) which causes the death of ciliated tracheal cells make mucous accumulate
What are the 3 stages of Pertussis?
- Catarrhal
- Paroxysmal
- Convalescence
What occurs during Stage #1 Cattarrhal of whooping cough?
Fever and cold
What occurs during Stage #2 Paroxysmal of whooping cough?
Bouts of violent coughing
Seizures, epilepsy
What occurs during Stage #3 Convalescence of whooping cough?
Gets better/ recovery
-Can last a very long time (weeks-months)
What are three divisions of pathogenesis for Tuberculosis?
A. Healthy individual
B. Partial failure of immunity
C. Total failure of immunity
Is whooping cough preventable?
Yes, Dtap vaccine but requires boosters
What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis in a healthy individual?
Immunity: Infection arrested by macrophages
-Infection is present but no symptoms, latent form
What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis when there is a partial failure of immunity?
Tubercle forms, becomes classified= GHON complexes
What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis when there is a total failure of immunity?
Tubercle ruptures Aka the Miliary form or consumption
-Weight loss, loss of vigour and a sputum diagnosis can occur.
What antibiotics are used to treat T.B?
Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide
What is Isoniazid used for in T.B treatment?
First line of defence: Blocks mycolic acid formation
What is Ethambutol used for in T.B treatment?
Weaker: Blocks stuff entering cell wall
Is T.B preventable?
Yes, BCG (Bacilli Palmette Guerin) vaccine
How is Tuberculosis diagnosed?
via Mantoux test
What is a Mantoux test?
Purified version (Proteins) of TB injected into forearm, If red swelling occurs around injection site there is an on going TB infection.
What causes Typical pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
How is typical pneumoniae diagnosed?
Capsular antigen in urine
What are the two categories of pneumonia?
Typical and Atypical
How is Atypical pneumoniae different than typical?
It has a slower onset, less fever and less chest pain
What causes Atypical pneumonia?
Bacteria and virus
Examples of bacteria causing Atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Coxiella burnetti
What virus causes Atypical pneumonia?
RSV
-Respiratory Syncytial Virus aka Houdini virus
Who is commonly affected by RSV?
Elderly populations and infants
What does RSV atypical pneumonia cause?
Wheezing (O2 impeded)
Bronchitis
What does Syncytial mean?
Giant cell forms by two cells joining
Does influenza have intestinal symptoms?
No
Why are influenza vaccines unable to provide long term immunity?
Antigenic shift and drift
-Mutations occur often
What is antigenic drift?
Minor changes in NA and HA spikes
-Occurs annually
H1N1
What is antigenic shift?
Major changes in HA and NA spikes
-Causes pandemics
H5N1
What pandemic of influenza occurred in 1918?
Spanish flu
