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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts
-Speed up reactions without increase of temperature
Specific (Lock and key model or enzyme-substrate complex)

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2
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

Reduce activation energy needed

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3
Q

What are most enzymes composed of?

A

Proteins + cofactor

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4
Q

What is the protein portion of an enzyme called?

A

Apoenzyme

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5
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non-protein portion of an enzyme

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6
Q

What is it called if the cofactor is an organic molecule?

A

Coenzyme

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7
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Substrate
  4. Inhibitors
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8
Q

What is the optimal temperature for most disease-producing bacteria in the human body? (Optimum)

A

35C - 40C
-Reaction rate increases as temp increases until too heated

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9
Q

What happens to enzymatic reactions if the temperature is elevated beyond the optimum?

A

Rate of reaction is reduced and the enzyme is denatured

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10
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

If pH is too low or too high the reaction rate declines

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11
Q

What happens to enzymatic reactions when the pH is above/below the optimum value?

A

Reaction rate is reduced and enzyme is denatured

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12
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzymes?

A

Increased substrate concentration = increased rate of reaction

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13
Q

What happens when all active sites on the enzyme are filled?

A

Maximum rate of reaction is reached
-Reaction rate can’t be any faster

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14
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive and Non-competitive

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15
Q

How do competitive inhibitors prevent the enzyme from functioning?

A

Inhibitor occupies the active site
-Compete with normal substrate for the active site spot

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16
Q

Why are competitive inhibitors able to occupy the active site?

A

Its shape/chemical structure is similar to normal substrate
-It mimics

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17
Q

What is an example of a competitive inhibitor?

A

Sulfanilamide

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18
Q

What is Sufanilamide?

A

Antibacterial drug

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19
Q

What does Sulphanilamide mimic?

A

PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid)

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20
Q

What is PABA’s function?

A

Produces folic acid

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21
Q

What happens when Sulphanilamide inhibits?

A

Folic acid cannot be synthesized
–> DNA/RNA is not synthesised resulting in cell death

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22
Q

How do non-competitive inhibitors prevent the enzyme from functioning?

A

They interact with another part of the enzyme causing the active site to change its shape making it nonfunctional

23
Q

What do non-competitive inhibitors play a role in?

A

Feedback inhibition

24
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Stops a cell from wasting chemical resources by preventing it from making a substance

25
Q

What are the two types of enzymes?

A

Simple
Conjugated

26
Q

What are simple enzymes?

A

Only consist of proteins

27
Q

What are conjugated enzymes?

A

Protein+ non-protein
- Apoenzyme + Cofactor

28
Q

What is the name of an enzyme with an apoenzyme and a cofactor?

A

Holoenzyme

29
Q

What are two types of cofactors?

A

Inorganic and organic

30
Q

What are examples of inorganic cofactors?

A

Magnesium
Iron
Calcium

31
Q

What are organic cofactors called?

A

Coenzymes

32
Q

What are many coenzymes derived from?

A

Vitamins

33
Q

What are two important coenzymes in cell metabolism?

A

NAD and NADP
aka Nicotinamide adenine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

34
Q

What are NAD and NADP derived from?

A

Vitamin B
(Nicotinic acid)

35
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Removal of electrons

36
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

37
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction/ redox reaction?

A

A pairing of oxidation and reduction reactions
Each time one substance is oxidised another is reduced at the same time

38
Q

What is another name for oxidation reactions?

A

Dehydrogenation reactions

39
Q

What is another name for reduction reactions?

A

Hydrogenation reactions

40
Q

Why do cells use oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

To extract energy from nutrient molecules

41
Q

What molecule is a valuable nutrient for organisms?

A

Glucose

42
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + energy + Inorganic phosphate group

43
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding a phosphate to a chemical compound

44
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is formed when a phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP

45
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Redox: Electrons are transferred from organic compounds to a group of electron carriers (NAD)
electrons are then passed through a sequence of electron carriers aka the electron transport chain

46
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fermentation

47
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Uses oxygen
present in most bacteria
O2 absorbs electrons

48
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

No oxygen present
Only glycolysis
NO3, SO4 and CO3 absorbs electrons

49
Q

What is an species of bacteria that uses anaerobic respiration?

A

Clostridium

50
Q

What is fermentation?

A

O2 can be present or absent
Glycolysis only

51
Q

What is a species of bacteria that undergoes fermentation?

A

Lactobacillus –> lactic acid
Lactic acid absorbs electrons

52
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

releases energy to be used for anabolism by oxidation

53
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Energy stored by ATP is used to form large molecules

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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